GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Pankaj Palta
11092013
M. Tech 1st Year

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What Is GPS?
The Global Positioning System is a space-based navigation and positioning system
that was designed by the U.S. Military to provide :
 Autonomous Geo-Positioning.
 10-20 Meter accuracy.
 World -Wide coverage.
 Availability 24hrs/day.
 Military Security.
 Low End-User Cost.
 Receivers to Each Soldier.
 Installation on every vehicle.

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Radio Navigation System(Ground Based)
System Freq. W/L Error 2D Coverage

Omega 10-13 km 26 km 3-6 km Global

Loran 100 kHz 2.5km 460 m ~10% of Globe

VOR/DME 108-118 MHz ~2.5 m 60-180 m N.A

ILS 330 MHz ~1m 5-10 m Limited

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Space Based
System Freq. W/L Error 2D Coverage

Transit 150-400 MHz 2 m-73 cm 460 m Global

GPS 1575.42 MHz 19 cm < 100 m Global

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GPS Addresses
It could be in the not too distant future that you’ll find
yourself inviting a friend to your home by saying
something like “. . . sure, come on over. My address is
39°45’ 16.174634”N by 77°22’37.582062”W, you can’t
miss it.” And the fact is they couldn’t, because on the
entire planet there is no other place that shares that
same address. It is yours, yours alone, and there’s no
mistaking it.

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Physical Characteristics
 Name: NAVSTAR.
 Manufacturer: Rockwell International.
 Weight: ~900 Kg.
 Size: ~ 5m wide (Panels extended).
 Lifespan: 7.5 years.
 Number Built: 11 Block 1 Prototype, 28 Block 2 Productions.

Orbital Parameters
 Altitude: ~20,200 Km.
 Orbital Period: 12 hr
 Orbital Plane: 55 º to equatorial plane.
 No. Of orbital Planes: 6.
 Orbital Plane Spacing: 60º apart.
 No. of satellites per plane: 4.
 Total no. of Constellation: 24.
 No. of operational: 21.
 No. of backups: 3.

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The Space Segment

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• USER SEGMENT

• GPS antennas & receiver/processors

• Position
• Velocity
• Precise timing
• Used by:
 Aircraft
 Ground vehicles
 Ships
 Individuals
How Does GPS Work?
The principle behind GPS is the measurement of distance (or "range")
between the receiver and the satellites. The satellites also tell us exactly
where they are in their orbits above the Earth. Four satellites are
required to compute the four dimensions of X, Y, Z (position) and Time.
GPS receivers are used for navigation , positioning, time dissemination,
and other research. Each satellite is equipped with an accurate clock to
let it broadcast signals coupled with a precise time message. The
ground unit receives the satellite signal, which travels at the speed of
light. Even at this speed, the signal takes a measurable amount of time
to reach the receiver. To measure precise latitude, longitude, and
altitude, the receiver measures the time it took for the signals from four
separate satellites to get to the receiver. Distance is then a simple matter
of computing D = V x T, or deriving distance (D) by multiplying the
time in transit (T) of the signal by the velocity of transit (V).

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Single Range To A Single Space vehicle

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Two Ranges To Two Space vehicles

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Three Ranges To Three Space vehicles

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Why 4 satellites?
Accurate Positioning Requires Very Precise Means.
Only takes 6/1,00 sec. For space vehicle signal to reach
ground.
At 300,000 Km/s 1/1,00,000 sec error= 300m Position
error.
Satellites have very precise atomic clock.

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Receiver Time One Second Fast

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GPS Services
Standard Positioning Service: Service offers a base-line
accuracy that is much lower than the PPS, but is available to all users with even the
most inexpensive receivers. As we will see, there are various techniques available
that substantially increase the SPS accuracy, even well beyond that which is offered
by the PPS.
Precise Positioning Service: The Precise Positioning Service is a
highly accurate positioning, velocity and timing service that is designed primarily
for the military and other authorized users, although under certain conditions can be
used by civilians who have specialized equipment

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Basic GPS Signal Structure
 Two different radio frequencies
 1575.42 Megahertz L1 Carrier.
 1227.60 Megahertz L2 Carrier.
 Superimposed on these radio carrier wave signals are pseudorandom,
binary, bi-phase modulation codes called PRN (Pseudo-Random Noise)
codes that are unique to each individual satellite.
 Two different pseudo-random code strings used by the GPS.
 Coarse Acquisition Code (C/A-code), sometimes called the “Civilian
Code”.
 Precise, or Protected Code (P-Code).

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SPOOFING
One way that a potential hostile might interfere with
U.S. military operations is by transmitting a “false”
GPS signal that overrides the real GPS signal. By doing
this, they would, in effect, be sending the U.S. military
“off in the wrong direction.” This is called signal
“spoofing.”

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Anti-Spoofing (A/S)
P-code is the Military Code.
Designed to be Secure against spoofing.
Military can Encrypt with no warning.
P-code then becomes encrypted Y-code.
Decryption only to authorized users.
Allows military to severely Degrade or TURN OFF
completely the C/A code but retain coded positional
accuracy.

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GPS Error Budget
Satellite Clock Error 0 - 1.5 m.
SV Ephemeris Error 1-5 m.
Ionospheric Refraction 0-30 m.
Tropospheric Refraction 0-30 m.
Receiver Noise 0-10 m.
Multipath 0-1 m.
Selective Availability 0-70 m.
Dilution of Precision: Above * 1-6.
Total Error W/SA on: ~ 100 m.
Total Error W/SA off: ~ 28 m.

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Ionospheric/Tropospheric Refraction
 The two most troublesome components of the
atmosphere are the ionosphere and the
troposphere.
 Each of these literally “drag” radio waves down,
causing them to bend a tiny, but significant,
amount.
 Ionosphere is the electrically charged particles
that “drag” on the incoming signal.
 In the troposphere, the problem is with the water
vapour content which does the same thing, just at
a different rate.
 COUPLE OF WAYS TO DEAL WITH
REFRACTION
 The satellite’s NAV-msg includes an atmospheric
refraction model that compensates for as much as
50-70% of the error.
 A more effective method for ionospheric refraction
is to use a dual-frequency receiver which
simultaneously collects the signals on both the All
and L2 carriers.
 Unfortunately, tropospheric refraction is not
frequency-dependent and so cannot be corrected by
this method.

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APPLICATIONS OF GPS
Agriculture (proper soil selection , Fertilizer application)
Aviation (to view roots and air ports , pads etc)
Environment (mapping , weather forecast )
Transportation (vehicle tracking,personal )
Marine (Root navigation,prediction of risks)
Military (target navigatn,mapping,routing)
Rail (passage navign,building up of new tracks)
Space (Space research,forecasting)
Surveying ( for survey purposes)
Timing (for accurate time calculation)

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 U
K YO
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T H

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