ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Review of Systems

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 Exocrine glands:
–Discharge secretions
with lubricating or
digestive function
through a duct onto an
epithelial surface

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 Endocrine glands:
Discharge hormones.
–Chemical substances
secreted by endocrine
glands directly into the
blood stream to act on
specific target cell.

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Regulate:

–Growth and development

–Electrolytes and fluids
–Reproduction
–Metabolism
–Stress adaptation

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 Types are:
1. Protein peptides
 Insulin
 ADH
 GH
 ACTH
2. Amine & amino acid derivatives
 epinephrine
 norepinephrine
3. Steroids
 Cortisol
 Estrogen
 Testosterone

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 May or may be controlled
directly or indirectly by
feedback mechanisms:
– Negative
– Positive

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 Some non-endocrine organs
has special endocrine cells:
1. Kidneys
– Renin
– REF
– Hydroxyl
2. GI Tract
– gastrin

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GLANDS RELATED TO
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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 PITUITARY GLAND
A small pea-
shaped gland
 Connected to the
hypothalamus

2 lobes – anterior
and posterior
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Hypothalamus TRH TRF ACTHRF LHRH

APG GH Prolactin TSH ACTH FSH LH

Target All Breast Thyroid Adrenal Reproductive

Tissues Gland Cortex Organs
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 Anterior
 Secretes 6 hormones
1. GH promotes tissue growth
 Helps metabolize fats

 Promotes protein synthesis.

 Enhances fat metabolism of

energy

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2.Prolactin –
stimulates milk
secretion by the
breasts
(prepared by
estrogen &
progesterone)

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3. TSH – stimulates
thyroid gland to
synthesize and
secrete thyroid
hormones

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4. ACTH – stimulates
the adrenal cortex
to manufacture and
secrete
adrenocorticol
hormones.
 Controls
carbohydrates
metabolism.

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5. FSH and LH – gonadotropic
hormones
 Growth and development of
the gonads
 Development of secondary
sex characteristics.
 LHRH – regulates the 2;
from the hypothalamus

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 Posterior
1. Oxytocin
– Contraction of uterus
– Stimulates milk ejection
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH,
vasopressin)
– Promotes water retention

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 THYROID GLAND
2 lateral
lobes
 Fixed to the
anterior
surface of
the upper
trachea

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T3 – Overall body
metabolism
T4 - Overall body heat
production
Thyrocalcitonin – PTH
regulator

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 Other effects of T3 and T4

 Normal growth and

development
 Maturation of nervous
system

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 PARATHYROID GLANDS
4 small structures embedded in
the surface of the thyroid gland
 Secrete parathyroid hormone –
principal regulator of calcium
metabolism
 Together with Vitamin D – raise
blood calcium level
 Thyrocalcitonin – lowers blood
calcium level

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 ADRENAL GLANDS
Located on top of the
kidneys

Consists of an outer cortex

and an inner medulla

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 Adrenal cortex
 Secretes 3 hormones:
1. Glucocorticoids – cortisol
(major), corticosterone and
cortisone, which acts by:
 Raising the blood glucose
through gluconeogenesis
 Promoting protein breakdown
into amino acids  converted
into liver as glucose

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2. Mineralocorticoids
 The major is aldosterone

 Promotes sodium absorption

and potassium excretion.
3. Sex hormones
 Progesterone, estrogen and
testosterone
 Small amounts of androgen
appears  sex drive for
women

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 Adrenal Medulla
 Produces catecholamines
– Norepinephrine - 60%
– Epinephrine - 30%
– Others - 10%

 Emotional stress activates

SNS  release by A.
Medulla
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 Liberated catecholamines  “Fight
or Flight”

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 ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
 Islets are about 1 million cell
clusters throughout the pancreas.
 Classified with cells:
1. Alpha
 20% of islet cells
 Produces glucagon – raises
blood glucose level by
promoting the conversion of
liver glycogen into glucose

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2. Beta
 70% of islet cells

 Secretes insulin which

lowers blood glucose
level

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3. Delta
 10% of islet cells

 Secretes somatostatin

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