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¦ surface-active biomolecules that are produced
by a variety of microorganisms.

¦ They have the properties of reducing surface

tension, stabilising emulsions, promoting foaming
and are generally non-toxic and biodegradable.
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r aipids with a carbohydrate
attached.
r Made up of carbohydrate in
combination with long chain
aliphatic acids or hydroxyaliphatic
acids.
r Among the glycolipids, the best
known are rhamnolipids,
trehalolipids and sophorolipids.
r A lipid that contains one or
more phosphate groups
r Form major components of
microbial membranes
r Each molecules consists of a
hydrophilic portion and a
hydrophobic portion
r is a molecule consisting of a
lipid attached to a polypeptide
chain.
r A large number of cyclic
lipopetides, including
decapeptide antibiotics and
lipopeptide antibiotics are
produced.
r 6M surfactin
r The best studied
polymeric biosurfactants
is emulsan.
r EmulsanM very effective
emulsifying agent for
hydrocarbons in water
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r pH
r Temperature
r Agitation
r Oxygen availability
r Concentration of salt (salinity)
r Êources of carbon substrates for biosurtactant production M

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r ciodegradability.

r Generally low toxicity.

r ciocompatibility and digestibility, which allows their

application in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and as
functional food additives.

r Availability of raw materials. ciosurfactants can be

produced from cheap raw materials which are
available in large quantities.
r Acceptable production economics. Depending on the
application, biosurfactants can also be produced from
industrial wastes and byproducts.

r Use in environmental control. ciosurfactants can be

efficiently used in handling industrial emulsions, control
of oil spills, biodegradation and detoxification of industrial
effluents and in bioremediation of contaminated soil.

r Êpecificity. ciosurfactants being complex organic

molecules with specific functional groups, are often
specific in their action.
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r |egarding the mechanisms for preservation of moisture, we
expect

1) the structure resembling ceramide will easily penetrate the

intercellular spaces in the stratum corneum, and

2) it will be effective in moisture retention and maintenance at

the skin intercellular level, as it easily forms liquid crystals .

r Furthermore, as the biosurfactant easily forms capsule of nano-

meter size (liposome), it is easy to mix with other cosmetic
components, which could contribute to stabilization of these
components (capsule protection effect), and improves the
permeability to the skin (capsule affinity effect).
º 
r One end of the molecule has a long non-polar chain that is
attracted to oil, grease, and dirt (the hydrophobic).

r Another part of the molecule is attracted to water (the

hydrophilic).

r The surfactant lines up at the interface.

r The hydrophobic end of the molecule gets away from the water
and the hydrophilic end stays next to the water.

r When dirt or grease is present (hydrophobic in nature) the

surfactants surround it until it is dislodged from the boundary.

r Notice that the dirt molecules are actually suspended in solution.

r c
 
are surface-active substances
synthesised by living cells which can reduce surface
tension, stabilizing emulsions, promoting foaming
and are generally non-toxic and biodegradable.

r It is used widely in different application.

r Muthusamy, K. et. al., ciosurfactantsM Properties,
commercial production and applicationM |eview
articles. Current Êcience, 2008, R , 736-745.
r Pattanathu, K.Ê.M. |ahman and Gakpe, E.,
Production, Characterisation and Application of
ciosufactantM A review. ciotechnology, 2008, ë
, 360-
370.
r httpM en.wikipedia.org wiki ciosurfactant