Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Xh Xf(Eh) Xf / Ef
Xf Xh / Eh Xh( Ef)
Exchange Rate Quotations
GBP
Or in shortest form: EUR 1.5765 - 90
Forward Rates
EUR GBP
Spot: 1.5765 - 90
Direct basis:
Fhn,% = [(Fh – Eh) / Eh] x 12 / n x 100 = + or - %
Indirect basis:
Ffn,% = [(Ff – Ef) / Ef] x 12 / n x 100 = + or - %
Forward Rates
Direct basis:
Fhn = Eh(1 + Ffn,%) x n / 12
Indirect basis:
Ffn = Ef / [1 + (Ffn,% x n / 12)]
Forecasting the Exchange Rate
Demand and
Supply of
Goods and
Services
Change in
Change in Demand Change in
Imports, and Exchange
Rate of Inflation Exports and Supply of Rate
Investment Currency
Interest Rate
Forecasting the Exchange Rate
Assumes that:
No restriction in cross-border trading
Economies of countries are free-market
No import/export duties or taxes
Exchange rate is floating
No transaction costs
Purchasing Power Parity Theory
Functional currency
Reporting currency
Exchange Risk Exposure
Denominating currency
-the currency in which the terms and
conditions of transactions are expressed
without accounting for the effects of
changes in rates.
Exchange Risk Exposure
Measuring currency
-the currency in which the financial outcomes
from transactions are measured at the
exchange rate that is in effect at the time
the payments are made for transactions.
Exchange Risk Exposure
Functional currency
-the currency in which the operating cash
flows are generated, and assets and
liabilities are denominated disregarding the
effects of changes in foreign exchange
rates.
Exchange Risk Exposure
Reporting currency
-is normally the home currency. Firms
normally prepare periodical financial
statements in home currency by translating
the functional currency of subsidiaries into
home currency which is reporting currency
in most of the cases.
Exchange Risk Exposure
Operating exposure
Tax exposure
Exchange Risk Exposure
On March 15, a US firm sold goods worth
$120,000 to a Manchester firm on 30 day
credit. The bill is payable in Sterling Pounds
at the current spot rate of $1.85.
Is either party, or both, exposed to foreign
exchange risk?
What type of exposure is it?
What is the size of the exposure?
On April 10, just before the payment due date, the
spot rate of the Pound was $1.78. Who is gaining
and who is losing from this rate change?
Exchange Risk Exposure