The Commercial Federal Aviation

Administration

Aviation Alternative
Fuels Initiative
(CAAFI)
Presented to: Aviation Alternative Fuels Side Event
Bonn, Germany

By: Dr. Lourdes Maurice

Acting Director and Chief Scientist,
FAA Office of Environment and Energy
Environment Lead, CAAFI

Date: June 3, 2009

Aviation Environmental Drivers
• Aviation impacts community noise footprints, air quality, water
quality, energy usage and availability, and the global climate.

• Trends show environmental impacts from aircraft noise and aviation

emissions will be a critical constraint on capacity growth.

• Fundamental changes ongoing from economic downturn, fuel costs,

and financial turmoil.
NOISE AIR QUALITY WATER QUALITY ENERGY GLOBAL CLIMATE

 The challenge is to ensure energy availability and affordability and reducing

aviation’s environmental footprint, even with projected aviation growth
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 U.S. Experience: Aviation Emissions Performance
1.2000

1.0000 U.S. commercial aviation

0.8000 outpaces other modes in
Index (1985 = 1.0)

0.6000
Passenger Highw ay
energy efficiency
0.4000
Buses
Passenger Rail improvements…
Passenger Air
0.2000
Freight Trucks
21000

0.0000
US Commercial Aviation Fuel Consumption
1985
1986
1987
1988

1989
1990
1991

1993
1994

1997
1992

1995
1996

1998
1999
2000

2001
2002
2003
2004
20500

Year 20000

Source: DOE
19500

M illion s of G allo ns
…while absolutely 19000

reducing its carbon 18500

18000

footprint since 2000. 17500

17000

16500
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year

Source: BTS

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The Challenge - U.S. Aviation Fuel Use Scenarios

Source: FAA Preliminary Analysis

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 Measures to Tackle the Challenge

NextGen Vision
Provide environmental protection that
allows sustained aviation growth

Key Initiatives:

• Continued Local Mitigation

• Better Scientific Understanding
• Accelerate Operational Changes
• Mature New Aircraft Technology
• Develop Alternative Fuels
• Policy Options

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The Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuel Initiative
• A consortium of government agencies, airlines,
manufacturers, airports, and current and
prospective fuel suppliers
• Foster the development and deployment of
alternative jet fuels
• Share Information and Coordinate research
and development of alternative jet fuels, including
technical specifications, environmental
assessment, production and distribution.
• To enhance energy security, aviation economics
and environment

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Who is CAAFI?
Members
Aircraft OEMs
Consultants
Aircraft Engine Universities
OEMs
Think Tanks
Aircraft
Equip Cos Air Transport IATA
Association NetJets
NRC ATA
Canada Aerospace Air Cargo
ANP Brazil Industries Airlines
Association ALPA
Bauhaus AIA ACI
Airports Council Airport
UK MoD International – Operators
ICAO
North America
FAA ASTM
NIST Federal Aviation CRC
NASA Administration Oil
DESC Companies
USAF Sponsors Bio-Fuels
US Army Companies
Energy
DARPA Companies
DOC
USN USDA DOE

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CAAFI Structure and Strategy

Certification-Qualification Environmental Panel

Panel
Assess Impact
Enable Supply

R&D Panel Business &

Economics Panel
Generate
Ideas/Solutions Generate
Demand &
Target Funding

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CQ: CAAFI Targeted* Certification Timing
YEAR FUEL TYPE STATUS
- 50% FT generic - ASTM vote targeted for June
• 2009 ‘09
blends including
biomass/ coal / gas - Rapid Adjudication process
with producers/ OEM’s / USAF
- 50% HRJ Blend - Working with ASTM, FAA and
• 2010 engine/aircraft OEMS
- 100% FT generic
including biomass -Supporting low sulfur
cost/benefit starting 4/08
- 100% HRJ - DARPA program complete.
• 2013 Fuels available for FFP tests
- DARPA Algae program
- Other Biofuel
processes underway.
* Generic Targets based upon outcomes to date anticipated fuel availability for tests
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R&D: Feedstocks Roadmap

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R&D: Three Successful HRJ Biojet Flight Programs
* Graphics Courtesy J. Holmgren, UOP
Feedstock:
Jatropha oil
• Successful ANZ Flight Demo Date:
December 30 2008

Feedstock:
Jatropha and algal oil
• Successful CO Flight Demo
Date: Jan. 7 2009

Feedstock: Camelina,
Jatropha and algal oil
• Successful JAL Flight Demo Date: Jan. 30 2009

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Environment: Particulate Matter Emission Gains Measured
Results showing observed reductions in
primary PM in a CFM56-7B engine
burning a mixture of 50% F-T fuel and
50% Jet A-1 (PARTNER Center of
Excellence)

20
Percent change in EIn wrt

0
baseline JET A1

-20

-40
y = 66.634x - 82.189
-60 2
R = 0.9342
-80

-100
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Engine Power Condition (%)

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Environment: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Need to determine “well-to-wake” life-cycle emissions
Fossil feedstock

Bio feedstock

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Environment: Quantifying LCA Uncertainties

Chart courtesy of J. Hileman, MIT

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Environment: Biomass Needs for 2050 Carbon Neutrality

Chart courtesy of J. Hileman, MIT

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Business: Facilitating a Future Market

Morgan Stanley Colonial Pipeline

OPIS (Oil Pricing) Magellan Pipeline
Solarc (Taxes) Kinder Morgan

Potential Funding Alt Fuel Airlines &

Sources Producers Operators
Airbus
Boeing
A2BE Carbon Capture ATA
GE
Adv Bio-Energy Tech’s ALPA JetBlue
PW
Agromass Biofuels Alaska NetJets
Neste Oil American Northwest
Air BP
SASOL Continental Southwest
Amyris Biotech
Shell Delta Star Alliance
Baard Energy
Solazyme FedEx United
Chevron
SolArc Airbus US Airways
ConocoPhillips
PetroSA Boeing UPS
Syntroleum
UOP
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U.S. Strategy to Reduce Aviation’s Carbon Footprint

(Relative CO2 increase)

growth w/ currently available
solutions
1.50
w/ operational improvements

w/ technology improvements

Possible standards?
1.00
w/ alternate fuels
carbon neutral growth
Market-based measures?

2005 2015 2025

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Closing Thoughts

• Aviation dependent on hydrocarbon based liquid fuels

• Concentrated Airport Distribution allows rapid

deployment (80% of fuel in 35 locations in U.S.)
• Timely Fuel Certification crucial for market
• Establishing GHG LCA crucial for decisions (policy and
investment)
• Alternative fuels are technically feasible but need to get
to deployment
• CAAFI helping to bring these pieces together
• ICAO key to global harmonization
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