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PROSES DEKOMPOSISI

BAHAN ORGANIK:
BAKTERI AEROB HETEROTROPIK
Bahan organik - anorganik
 Bahan organik adalah bahan yang berasal dari makhluk hidup
 Contoh : humus
 Material anorganik adalah mineral, material non organik
yang tidak disintesis secara biologis oleh makhluk hidup.
 Contoh : kalium, natrium
Decomposition
 Decomposition = Breakdown of organic matter
 important for recycling of C and energy, as well as all
nutrient elements (N, P, K, etc.).
 Many organisms are very beneficial in ecosystems as
decomposers.
Types of Decomposition
 Abiotic processes - fire, etc. 
OM + O2  CO2, etc.
 Biotic processes:
 Aerobic respiration

OM + O2  CO2, etc.
 Anaerobic respiration

OM  CH4, etc.
  Organisms most directly responsible for decomposition
are bacteria and fungi. 
Organisme
Heterotroph: (chemoorganotrophic) require preformed
organic nutrients to serve as sources of energy and
carbon
1. Fungi
2. Protozoa
3. Most Bacteria

Autotroph: (lithotrophic) obtain their energy from sunlight


or by the oxidation of inorganic compounds and their
carbon by the assimilation of CO2
Organisme
Photoautotroph: energy derived from sunlight
1. Algae (blue-green, cyanobacteria)
2. Higher Plants
3. Some Bacteria
Chemoautotroph: energy for growth obtained by the
oxidation of inorganic materials.
1. Few Bacterial species (agronomic importance)
a. nitrobacter, nitrosomonas and thiobacillus
METABOLISME HETEROTROF

 Jamur dan bakteri tertentu


 mendapatkan energi dari oksidasi senyawa organik.
 Senyawa organik mengandung karbon dan nitrogen
yang digunakan secara aerob atau anaerob untuk
menghasilkan tenaga pereduksi seperti nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide tereduksi (NADH + H+), dan
energi (ATP)
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
ON CARBON AND ENERGY SOURCES

GROUP CLASS CARBON SOURCES ENERGY SOURCES BACTERIA


1 CHEMOAUTOTROPHS INORGANIC INORGANIC NITRIFYING BACTERIA
2 CHEMOHETEROTROPHS ORGANIC ORGANIC BACILLUS SP.
3 PHOTOAUTOTROPHS INORGANIC LIGHT CYANO BACTERIA
4 PHOTOHETEROTROPHS ORGANIC LIGHT PURPLE NON-SULFUR
BACTERIA
Decomposition Rates
Decomposition rates vary depending on:
 Climate and temperature
 organisms present
 Aeration
 Composition of the material (C:N ratio)
 Etc.– season
C:N Ratios of Selected Materials
Organic matter decomposition
Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling
During each cycle of degradation
about 2/3 of the organic carbon is
used for energy and released as During each cycle of degradation

CO2
carbon dioxide (CO2) about 1/3 of the organic carbon is
used to build microbial cells or
becomes part of the soil organic
matter

Plant litter

CO2

Bacteria, Fungi
Soil organic matter Nematodes, protists, humus
Organic matter decomposition
Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios
CO2
Litter 2/3 of carbon
C/N ratio released as CO2
around C/N
90:1 ratio
30:1

Average C/N ratio Microbial C/N ratio is


of bacteria and maintained at 8:1 by
taking up N from soil
fungi is 8:1
Soil N

Immobilization
Importance of C:N ratio
 With residues of high C:N, there is much
competition for the limited N available.
 If C:N ratio is high:
 only some organisms can decompose (some types
of bacteria and fungi, protozoan symbionts of
termites).
 they use up N quickly, so N becomes tied up and
unavailable (immobilized).
Organic matter decomposition
Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios
CO2
Litter 2/3 of carbon
C/N ratio released as CO2
around C/N
9:1 ratio
3:1

Average C/N ratio Microbial C/N ratio is


maintained at 8:1 by
of bacteria and releasing N to the soil
fungi is 8:1

Soil N
Mineralization
Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan 2006

Sumber: DKP (2008)


Sumber: BPS (2009)
POLUSI PADA TAMBAK
Sumber: Avnimelech dan Ritvo (2003)
ECOSYSTEM OF MICROORGANISM IN SHRIMP POND

O2 CO2

PHYTOPLANKTON
(PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
O2 CO2
MICROORGANISM
SHRIMP

BENTHOS
ORGANIC WASTE CO2,SO42-,NO3
H2S MICROORGANISM NH3

BENEFICICEL MICROORGANISM ACTIVITIES IN SHRIMP POND


KARAKTERISASI SEDIMEN
TAMBAK
Tekstur (pipet)
Estrak 1:5 Terhadap contoh kering 105° C

Asa
Pa De Li pH Bahan Organik
Salinit Olsen Asam m KTK
sir bu at DHL
as P2O5 huma fulv (cmol(
(%) (%) (%) (dS/m) Walkey & Kjelda
KC (mg/l) (ppm) t (%) at +)/kg)
H2O Black C hl N C/N
l (%)
(%) (%)

0 26 74 7,7 7,5 5,40 2840 1,69 0,14 12 48 0,02 0,21 29,66

0 31 69 7,8 7,6 5,84 3070 1,59 0,15 11 40 0,06 0,16 25,57


SEQUENCE OF MICROBIALLY MEDIATED REACTION
IN SEDIMENT, INCLUDING STOICHIOMETRIC
DECOMPOSITION EQUATION (MARTENS 1978)
(CH2O)106(NH4)16H3PO4 + 106O2
WATER

106CO2 + 16NH3 + H3PO4 + 106H2O


NH4+ +1.5O2 ==> NO2- + H2O + 2H+
AEROBIC NO2- + 0.5O2 ==> NO3-
ZONE CH4 + 2O2 ==> 2H2O + CO2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

NITRATE (CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 84.8NO3-


REDUCTION 106 CO2 + 42.4N2 + 16NH3 + H3PO4 +148.4H2O
ZONE 5NH4+ + 3NO3- ==> 4N2 + 9H2O + 2H+ NITRATE REDUCTION

SULFATE (CH2O)106(NH3)16H3PO4 + 53SO42-


SEDIMENTS

REDUCTION 106 CO2 + 53S2- + 16NH3 + H3PO4 +106H2O


ZONE CH4 + SO42- ==> HCO3- + HS- + H2O SULFATE REDUCTION
2CH3CHOHCOOH + SO42- ==> 2CH3COOH + 2HCO3- + H2S

CARBONATE CH3COOH ==> CH4 + CO2


REDUCTION
ZONE CO2 + 4H2 ==> CH4 + 2H2O
METHANE PRODUCTION
HOW TO STABLE WATER QUALITY IN SHRIMP P
OND

NITRATE-NITROGEN GAS CARBONDIOXIDE

SHRIMP FEED PLANKTON ORGANIC SEDIMENT

WASTE DEATH DISSOLVED ORGANIC

DECOMPOSE BACTERIA
NITROGEN CYCLE
WASTE FORM
SHRIMP
UNEATEN FEED DEATH ALGAE
CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
BACILLUS SP.
PSEUDOMONAS SP.
NITRIFICATION
NH3 NITROSOMONAS (CHEMOAUTOTROPHS)
NH4+
NO2- NITROBACTER

NO3-
ORGANIC CARBON

DENITRIFICATION
NITROGEN FIXATION NO2-
N2
HOW CAN BACTERIA BENEFIT TO FOOD CHAIN?
 COMPOSTING IS A PROCESS OF MICROBIAL D
EGRADATION THAT IS OF IMPORTANCE IN TH
E RECYCLING OF ORGANIC MATTER

CO2 Water Energy / Heat

Organic Matter New Organism

Oxygen Water Microbs Compost / Humus


ROTIFER
COPEPOD

CILIATE
PROTOZOA
FRIENDLY
FECAL MATERIAL
BACTERIA
SLUDGE
WASTE ORGANIC MICRO-
MATTER ORGANISM
OXYGEN + M
OISTURE
AUTOTROPHIC AQUACULTURE POND
HETEROTROPHIC AQUACULTURE POND
BENEFITS OF BOTH CONDITION

 BEGINNING (AUTOTROPHIC CONDITION)


 UTILIZE OF NUTURAL FOOD IN POND BY SHRI
MP
 OXYGEN WAS PRODUCED BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 TOWARDS THE END OF THE CYCLE (HETERO
TROPHIC CONDITION)
 N-ASSIMILATION BY MICROBIAL POPULATION
 FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION BY BACTERIAL FLOC
 MORE STABLE ECOSYSTEM
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

 ALGAE-DOMINATED  BACTERIAL-DOMINATED

 HIGH PHYTOPLANKTO  HIGH TBC AND FLOC


N GREEN WATER  LOW “GREEN WATER” MO
 LOW TBC RE BROWNISH COLOR
 N-UPTAKE VIA PHOT  N-ASSIMILATION AND N
OSYNTHESIS ITRIFICATION
 PRODUCE O2  USE O2
USE CO2 PRODUCE CO2
 INCREASE pH  REDUCE pH
MOLLUSCS
POND AND WATER MANAGEMENT
FISH
CO2
BIOLOGICAL OTHER
METHOD
FILTER
DECOMPOSING BACTERIA TANK
SHRIMP (FRIENDLY BACTERIA)
FEED
PHYSICAL SCREENING
O2 ALGAE/ METHOD FILTER
PLANKTON
OUTHER
ORGANIC MATTER
CHEMICAL/SEDIMENTATION
/WASTE

DRIAN-OUT

SEDIMENT/SLUDGE REMOVE SLUDGE


VACCINE DECOMPOSING BACTERIA DRAIN-OUT
(FRIENDLY BACTERIA)
PROBIOTIC
SUPPLEMENTARY FEED
PRACTICE
 INCREASE POND WATER VOLUMN (WATER DEPTH, SHOULD
NOT LESS THAN 1 m.)
 REDUCE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATION
 DILUTE TOXIC (IF BE PRODUCED IN POND)
 REDUCE LIGHT PENETRATION
 INCREASE BUFFER CAPACITY

 PREVENT PLANKTON DIE OFF/OVER BLOOMING


PRACTICE

 MAINTAIN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE


 FRIENDLY BACTERIA AND NUTRIENTS ADDITION
 REGULARLY MONITOR pH (and DO)
 INCREASE RESERVOIR CAPACITY
 AERATION
 LOW SALINITY CULTURE
 PROPER STOCKING DENSITY
POND BOTTOM IMPROVEMENT

 Conventional Remove Sludge


 Change Surface Layer Of Soil
 Over Layer The Bottom With New Soil
 Alternative Treatments
 Combination Of Above Methods
WHAT DO YOU GET?
 LESS ORGANIC LEFT-OVER AT BOTTOM
 GOOD WATER COLOUR STABILITY
 GOOD NATURAL (SUPPLEMENT)FOOD FOR
POST LARVA
 GOOD GROWTH & FCR
 LESS BACTERIAL DISEASE INCIDENCE
 SUSTAINABLE CULTURE
 FARMER HAPPY

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