Winter Training Report

on

Submitted By:
Siddharth
 Mechanical system

 Power supply system

 Actuators

 Sensory devices for feedback

 Control system
 Differential drive
 Car type drive
 Skid steer drive
 Synchronous drive
 Pivot drive
 This is the most commonly used form of
locomotion system used in robots as it’s the
simplest and easiest to implement.

 It has free moving wheel(s) in the front

accompanied with a left and right wheel. The
two wheels are driven by different motors.
 Simplicity and ease of use makes it the most
preferred system by beginners
 Independent drives makes it difficult for
straight line motion. The differences in motors
and frictional profile of the two wheels cause
them to move with slight turning effect
 The above drawback must be countered with
appropriate feedback system. Suitable for
human controlled remote robots
 As the name suggests, a
motor which uses a DC

 (Direct Current) Power

 Can run in both

directions

 Speed Controllable
 Power
VCC Transistor
Switches

S1 S2
M
1 2
S3 S4

 H – Bridge Circuit Diagram

S1 S2 S3 S4 Current Effect
Direction
1 0 0 1 1 to 2 Motor spins
forward
0 1 1 0 2 to 1 Motor spins
backward
1 1 0 0 - Braking Occurs

0 0 0 0 - -
 H – Bridge Circuit Diagram
VCC

D C M O TO R
Q1 Q3
2

2
N O T G A TE N O T G A TE

2 1
A
-

+
Q2 Q4
L R
1

1
GND
• Microcontrollers are "special purpose computers“.
• Microcontrollers are "embedded" inside some other device (often
a consumer product) so that they can control the features or
actions of the product. Another name for a microcontroller,
therefore, is "embedded controller."
• Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and run one specific
program. The program is stored in ROM (read-only memory) and
generally does not change.
• Microcontrollers are often low-power devices.. A battery-
operated microcontroller might consume 50 milliwatts.
• A microcontroller has a dedicated input device and often (but
not always) has a small LED or LCD display for output. A
microcontroller also takes input from the device it is controlling
and controls the device by sending signals to different components
in the device.
• A microcontroller is often small and low cost. The components
are chosen to minimize size and to be as inexpensive as possible.
• A microcontroller is often, but not always, ruggedized in some
way.
 In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit
microcontroller called the 8051.

 The 8051 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the

CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time.

 The microcontroller has 128 bytes of RAM, 4K

bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port
and four data ports of 8-bits each on a single
chip.
• DTMF was designed as a method for instructing a
telephone switching system the telephone
number to be dialed, or to issue commands to
switching systems or related telephony
equipment.

• The DTMF system uses eight different frequency

signals transmitted in pairs to represent sixteen
different numbers, symbols and letters.
 High Group Frequencies

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz

697 Hz 1 2 3 A

Low
770 Hz 4 5 6 B
Group
852 Hz 7 8 9 C
Frequencie
s
941 Hz * 0 # D
 + =

LOW FREQ. HIGH FREQ. DTMF TONE

 Decodes the DTMF (analog) signal into
a digital code of 4 bits.

 Once the signal is decoded it can be

read by any digital device such as
microcontroller.

 The IC acts as an analog to digital

convertor