“4G technology”

What is 4G Technology?
At present 2G Technology (GSM) is widely used
worldwide. The problem with 2G technology is that
the data rates are limited. This makes it ineffecient
for Data Transfer applications like video
conferencing, music or video downloads, etc. To
increase the speed various new technologies have
come into picture. The first is 2.5G (GPRS)
technology that allows data transfer at a better rate
than GSM and recently 3G (WCDMA/UMTS)
technology has come into picture. The maximum
theoretical data transfer with this 3G technology is
2Mbps (practically it could be a max of 384Kbps or
even less). The 4G technology which is at its infancy
is suppose to allow data transfer upto 100Mbps
outdoor and 1Gbps indoor.
OBECTIVES …..
4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate
requirements set by forthcoming applications like wireless
broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat,
mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),
minimal services like voice and data, and other services that
utilize bandwidth.
The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of
the 4G wireless communication standard:
•A spectrally efficient system (in bits /s/Hz and bits /s/Hz/site ),

•High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell,

•A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically

moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while

client and station are in relatively fixed positions as defined
by the ITU-R,
•A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in

the world
•Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks

•Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple

networks
•High quality of service for next generation multimedia support

(real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content , mobile TV,
etc)
•Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and

•
 THE MAIN FEATURES OF 4G TECHNOLOGY
The 4G technology will be able to support
Interactive services like Video Conferencing (with more
than 2 sites simultaneously), Wireless Internet,etc. The
bandwidth would be much wider (100 MHz) and data would
be transferred at much higher rates. The cost of the
data transfer would be comparatively very less and
global mobility would be possible. The networks will be
all IP networks based on IPv6. The antennas will be much
smarter and improved access technologies like OFDM and
MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA) will be used. Also the
security features will be much better.
The entire network would be packet switched
(IP based). All switches would be digital. Higher
bandwidths would be available which would make cheap
data transfer possible. The network security would be
much tighter. Also QoS will imrpove. More effecient
algorithms at the Physical layer will reduce the Inter-
channel Interference and Co-channel Interference.
Components

1G

2G

3G &

4G
 IPv6 support
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched
network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data
transmission. , IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large
number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of
IP addresses, IPv6 removes the need for Network Address Translation
(NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger
group of devices
dvanced Antenna Systems
The performance of radio communications obviously depends on the advances
of an antenna system, refer to smart or intelligent antenna. Recently,
multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G
systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications.
In the early 90s, to cater the growing data rate needs of data
communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology,
spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and
power efficiency.

Software defined radio(SDR)

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of
wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards.
This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area
of the radio convergence.
 Developments
The Japanese company NTT DoCoMo has been testing a 4G communication system prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM
at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. In February 2007, NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a
maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12x12 MIMO using a 100MHz frequency
bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,[12] and is planning on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, has announced that they have received a mobile communications license
from the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. This service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the
provision of 4G Mobile communications.[13][14] Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at
872 MHz.
Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be simultaneously
connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21).
These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also
smart-radio (also known as cognitive radio technology) to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as well as the
use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
Verizon Wireless announced on September 20, 2007 that it plans a joint effort with the Vodafone Group to transition its networks to
the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced that they intend to build and begin to roll out a LTE
network by the end of 2009.
Rogers Wireless has already begun the development of their 4G LTE network. The network will be online but only for mobile internet
usage and not handset talk & text usage by Summer 2010, in time for the Vancouver Olympics.
Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO carriers, have announced that they will be cooperating towards
building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G
UMTS to go live by early 2010.

Applications
At the present rates of 15-30 Mbit/s, 4G is capable of providing users with streaming
high-definition television. At rates of 100 Mbit/s, the content of a DVD-5 (for example a movie) can be
downloaded within about 5 minutes for offline access.
Evolution toward 4G…
1G
1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation
of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications. These are the analog
telecommunications standards that were
introduced in the 1980s
2G
Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were
commercially launched on the GSM .
Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors
were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted, 2G systems were
significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile
phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting
with SMS text messages.
Advantages
Digital systems were embraced by consumers for several reasons.
lThe lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones

last much longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller.

lThe digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could

increase sound quality by increasing dynamic range and lowering the

noise floor.
lThe lower power emissions helped address health concerns.

lGoing all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such

as SMS and email.

lGreatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two

or more "cloned" handsets that had the same phone number.

Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that
digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of
radio scanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be
as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private
than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping
Disadvantages
The downsides of 2G systems, not often well publicized, are:
l In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to
reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems
deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems
deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among
countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.
l Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be

both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will

sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static,
while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will
start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog
slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few
words to get through.
l While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy
compression used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they
convey is reduced. You'll hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking
on a digital cellphone, but you will hear it more clearly.
2.5 G
2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular
wireless technologies. The term "second and a half
generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have
implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the
circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide
faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for
circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well.
3G
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or
3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the
International Telecommunication Union,[1] which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and
CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX. Services include wide-area wireless voice
telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G
and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher
data rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink with HSPA+).
Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more
advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved
spectral efficiency. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
defined the third generation (3G) of mobile telephony
standards – IMT-2000 – to facilitate growth, increase
bandwidth, and support more diverse applications. For example,
GSM (the current most popular cellular phone standard) could
deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched data at
download rates up to 14.4 kbps. But to support mobile
multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver packet-switched
data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater
bandwidths.
 4G
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on further
extensions to 3G standards, named
Long Term Evolution and Ultra Mobile Broadband,
respectively. Being based on an
all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced
wireless technologies such as MIMO, these
specifications already display features characteristic for
IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However,
falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which
is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile
operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or
Pre-4G
3G vs 4G
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