Ecological concept (2)

1. Riris Rias Restika 093204003

2. Nuril Ma’rifatil Laili 093204006
3. Alfi Rizqi Amalia 093204021
4. Cininta Pinastika 093204023
5. Sulthon Fadli 093204026
 Energy Flow and Productivity
• Energy is the capacity to do work
• Life is accompanied by changes or destroyed
• The energy that enters the earth’s surface is
balance with the energy leaving the planet as
invisible heat radiation.
• Living organism receive radiation from the
sun, together with long-wave thermal radiation
from nearby surface.
• Radiant energy input is 3000-4000 kcal m-1
day-1 is used by green plant in photosynthesis.
• The primary productivity of a biological system
is the rate at which radiant energy is stored by
photosynthesis activity.
• Gross primary activity (GPP) is the total rate of
photosynthesis storage.
• During respiration, some of the storage energy from GPP
is reconverted to carbon dioxide and water.
• Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
NPP = GPP - respiration

• Some NPP is used by the plant itself; the plant may die and
the energy be transferred through decomposers, or
consumed by herbivores.
• the rate which energy is stored at consumer level is
secondary productivity.
Energy Allocation and Ecological Efficiencies 

Some energy is lost during transfer from one organism to

another, and the consumer assimilates the remainder.

Much of the assimilated energy ( A ) is used in

metabolism, with the energy used in respiration ( R ) loss as
heat. The amount of energy expressed a the difference
between A and R can be used in the production of new tissue
or growth ( Pg ) or to produce the reproductive material of
gamete, including sperm or eggs ( Pr ).

A – R = P g + Pr
 The allocation of energy resources will vary
according to environmental circumstances, such as food
supply, water, or whether approach a reproductive
season.
Various measures of efficiency are used in ecology.
1. Photosynthetic efficiency is the proportion of available
solar radiation that is used in photosynthesis.
2. assimilation efficiency is the animal equivalent. It can be
determined by formula : A/C, which is = energy
assimilated, C = energy consumed
3. Production efficiency is the percentage of the
energy assimilated that is used for production,
( Pg + Pr )/ A , which A can
be replaced by C

4. Growth efficiency is percentage of the energy

assimilated that is used much for growth ( Pg )
( Pg + Pr )/ C

5. Reproductive efficiency is percentage of energy

assimilated that is used much for reproduction
Pr /A
Energy Consumed losses
(C)

Faeces

Energy Assimilated
(A)

Urine
Metabolic Energy
(M)
Respiration,
locomotion,
Energy Fixed in synthesis
Production ( P )

Gametes ( Pr )

Growth ( Pg )
Thropic efficiencies of different thropic
levels in two lakes in America
Tropic level Lake Mendota Cedar Bog Lake

Producers 0,4 % 0,1 %

Primary consumers 8,7 % 13,3 %

Secondary consumers 5,5 % 22,3 %

Tertiary consumers 13,0 % -

 The thropic efficiency of the primary
producers is equivalent to their
photosynthetic efficiencies. The lake Mendota
data were indeed used as the basis of
Lindenman’s law of thropic efficiency-that the
efficiency of energy transfer from one thropic
level to the next is about 10 %- although this is
more of a generalisation than a true law which
would lead to accurate scientific prediction
 Organisms furher along the food chain
tend to have higher assimilation efficiencies,
largerly because of higher energy value of
their food.thus, a high proportion of a
herbivore’s food is likely to be cellulose, which
requires bacteria in the stomach or rumen for
digestion and assimilation efficiency tends to
be rather low, often below 10 %, that’s why
herbivores must eat larger quantities of food.
 Photosynthetic efficiency was 1.2%

although the efficiency relative to the incoming light

from the useful (not the level of total) is the wave of
plants reaches 5.3%

Trophic efficiency of herbivores was 15.9%,of secondary

consumer carnivores 4.5 %, and tertiary consumer
carnivores 9.0 %
by carnivores on the stored only 0.007%
of PLTN
 The system included some energy
imported as plant material coming from
outside the water body, and while most of
production went into respiration about 12 %
was exported downstream in the form of
particulate material.
 Photosynthetic efficiency was around 2,5 %. The
efficiencies of different animal, however, varied
considerably, with ectotherms (such as earthworms
and insects) having efficiencies about an magnitude
greater than endotherms (bird and mammals).
 Pyramid of energy indicate the energy flow
through a system by representing the rate of energy
flow, or productivity, at each tropic level.