Leadership,

Behavior & Style

Presented by
H I RA TAS LE E M
 Leadership

Leadership is stated as the “process of

social influence in which one person can enlist
the aid and support of others in the
accomplishment of a common task.

Ref: Chemers, M. M. (2002). Meta-cognitive, social, and emotional intelligence of

transformational leadership: Efficacy and Effectiveness. In R.E. Riggio, S.E.
Murphy, F. J. Pirozzolo (Eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership.
 Definitions more inclusive of followers have
also emerged. Alan Keith of Genentech states
that, “Leadership is ultimately about creating a
way for people to contribute to making
something extraordinary happen.”

Ref: Kouzes. J. , and Posner, B. (2007). The Leadership Challenge.

CA: Jossey Bass.
 Behavioral and style theories
Of Leadership
 In response to the early criticisms of the trait
approach, theorists began to research
leadership as a set of behaviors, evaluating the
behavior of 'successful' leaders, determining a
behavior taxonomy and identifying broad
leadership styles.
 David-McClelland, for example, Leadership
takes a strong personality with a well
developed positive ego. Not so much as a
pattern of motives, but a set of traits is crucial.
To lead; self-confidence and a high self-
esteem is useful, perhaps even essential.
A graphical representation of the managerial grid model
 Kurt Lewin, Ronald Lipitt, and Ralph White
developed in 1939 the seminal work on the
influence of leadership styles and
performance. The researchers evaluated the
performance of groups of eleven-year-old boys
under different types of work climate.
 In each, the leader exercised his influence regarding
the type of group decision making, praise and
criticism (feedbacks), and the management of the
group tasks (project management) according to four
styles as we have learned in our course too:

 Autocratic
 Democratic
 Free-Rein
 Participate
 The managerial grid model is also based on a
behavioral theory. The model was developed
by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964 and
suggests five different leadership styles, based
on the leader’s concern for people and their
concern for goal achievement.
B.F. Skinner is the father of Behavior
Modification and developed the concept of
positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement
occurs when a stimulus is presented contingent
upon a behavior which results in a higher
probability of that behavior increasing in the
future.
 Empirical research covering the last 20 years
suggests that reinforcement theory has a 17
percent increase in performance. Additionally,
many reinforcement techniques such as the use
of praise are inexpensive which can result in
higher performances for low monetary costs.
Thank
You