c

‘

 
 Wh  

´Man, man, if you gotta ask, you·ll

never know.µ
Louis Armstrong
 =  c


 est Africa contributed
drumming improvisation and
complex rhythms
 Europe contributed folk tunes
and hymns
 America contributed a breeding
ground for these things to mix.
 =  c


 cazz is the first genre of music to
solely culminate in the United
States.
 All other forms prior to jazz came
from (estern) Europe, or were
formed somewhere else.

 cazz=American Musical Art Form!

 =  c


 Early records are categorized as
´race records.µ
 cazz helped breech the race
barrier
 First integrated ensembles: 1930·s
 AUDIENCES TOO!!!
Benny Goodman first hite Band
Leader to hire Black Musicians
Dh   c


 Born in New Orleans, Louisiana
 Performed in brothels, clubs, streets,
river boats, speak easys«
 Syncopated (off-beat) rhythms and
swing (lilting) subdivision.
 Encompassed the ¶aleatoric· or
improvisational nature of negro
spirituals.
 Three different components make this
genre distinct:
 Harmony
 Rhythm
 Improvisation
 [   c


 1890·s-1910·s cazz is born; Ragtime
 1910·s-1920·s Blues
 1920·s-1930·s Dixieland
 1930·s-1940·s Sing/Big Band
 1940·s Bebop
 1940·s-1950·s Cool
 1960·s Free cazz
 1960·s-1980·s Fusion (cazz/Rock)
 1980·s-Current Rock, R&B, Funk,
Modern cazz
c

=      
 Grew out of African American
dance styles
 Formal structure
 Generally performed on piano

 Artist: Scott coplin (á
 

 ,
  )
 á
   was an instant
hit. It sold 75,000 copies.
c

ÿ   
 Began in New Orleans
 Typical (small) groups included:
clarinet, trumpet, trombone, tuba
(bass), piano, banjo and drums
 Variations were typical
 Characteristic sound derived
from
 Combination of instruments
(timbre)
 Melody instruments improvising at
the same time (polyphony)
c

ÿ   
 Marches, Church Hymns, Negro
Spirituals, ragtime, 12-bar blues,
Boogie oogie, all part of the ¶play-
listµ
 Scat singing-vocal style of
improvisation using ¶nonsense·
syllables.
 Louis Armstrong known for starting and
using this style«story says he was
recording and dropped his music, could
not remember the lyrics, so he
¶improvised· by scatting.
c

ë  !  "
 AKA ´Big Bandµ or ´Dance Bandµ
 Largest group so far, c. 15 members
(hence ¶big· band)
 Considered POPULAR MUSIC.
 Sections now instead of individual
instruments
 Saxophone Section (clarinet often
included)
 Trumpet Section
 Trombone Section
 Rhythm Section (Piano, Bass, Guitar,
Drums)
 c

r #$ "
 More complex music for smaller
groups
 Basic instruments and format
same as big band
 Back to improvisation, less
unison
 Meant for listening, not dancing
(more irregular time/style
changes).
 More sophisticated harmonies
 c

r #$ "
 Rhythm section responsible for
keeping time AND as melody
instruments

 Artists: Charlie Parker, Dizzy

Gillespie, Thelonius Monk (Rocky
Mount, NC), Charles Mingus, Bud
Powell, Miles Davis (early), Thad
cones, Sonny Stitt, Sonny Rollins,
Art Pepper, Erroll Garner, Oscar
Peterson, Max Roach
c

D ! "%
 AKA ´est Coast cazzµ
 More calm and relaxed than bebop,
hence ¶cool·
 Longer compositions than bebop
 More written arrangements, less
improvisation
 Flute, cello and horn often included
 Very experimental

 Artists: Lester Young, Miles Davis

(middle), Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan
 c

^ &
 Break from traditional jazz forms,
melodies, harmonies and chords
 Very reflective of times
 Very irregular in form
 Coincides with chance/aleatoric
music of cohn Cage
 Very much a recording music, rather
than a sit-and-listen.

 Artists: Miles Davis (late), Ornette

Coleman, cohn Coltrane (High Point,
NC)
c

^   &
 Became ´Funkµ
 Combines jazz and the evolving Rock
and Roll style (which came from
jazz)«took over as ¶popular music·
 Traditional instruments and
synthesizers, electric piano, guitar
 Afro-Cuban and Latin Percussion

 Artists: Miles Davis (late), Earth, ind

& Fire, eather Report, Chicago,
Tower of Power