Integrated Services Digital Network

Introduction
ISDN is a digital transport and signalling systems
 ISDN defines a vendor independent interface
between the user (telephones, computers)and the
network
The "Integrated" part of ISDN's name refers to the
combining of voice and data services over the
same wires (so computers can connect directly to
the telephone network without first converting
their signals to an analog audio signal, as modems
do)
Digital refers to its purely digital transmission as
opposed to the analog transmission of plain old
telephone service(POTS)
ISDN is comprised of digital telephony and data-
transport services offered by regional telephone
carriers
ISDN involves the digitalization of the telephone
network, which permits voice, data, text,
graphics, music, video, and other source material
to be transmitted over existing telephone.
Before this was introduced ,dedicated networks
were used to provide services of differentt nature
e.g. POTS(Plain old telephone service) analog
service etc.
Dedicated and isolated network requirements lead
to a no. of drawbacks: high costs,low efficiency
and inconvenience
ISDN,based on the telephony network,was
conceived of to provide multiple voice and
non-voice services over a single network
and a digital user network interface over
regular phone lines,instead of dedicated
and isolated user-network interfaces
Using ISDN ,user can access internet and
video conferencing
ISDN is an integrated solution for
providing basic telephony service and data
services as well
What is ISDN?
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK

ISDN is a set of standards which define

an end to end Digital Network
WAN Technology
Features of ISDN
 Uses Digital Signal(no analog conversion)
 Uses Existing telephone wiring
 Charges are generally based on the duration of
call (How long the WAN link was used)
 Alternate to using leased lines
 Can transport many types of Network traffic
(Voice, Data, Video, Text, Graphics etc)
 Faster Data transfer rate than modems
 Faster Call setup than Modems
ISDN Components
The ISDN user interface can be divided into
two areas
– Functional Groupings
– Reference Points
Functional groupings (TE, TA, NT2, etc.)
are a set of capabilities needed in an ISDN
user access interface
Reference points (R, S, T, and U) are the
interfaces dividing the functional groupings.
Usually a reference point is a physical
interface between two pieces of equipment
Functional Groupings
Terminal Equipment type 1 (TE1)
* ISDN compatible device (Router with
ISDN Interface)
* TE1s connect to the ISDN network through a four-wire,
twisted-pair digital link
Terminal Equipment type 2 (TE2)
* ISDN Non-compatible devices.
* Will require a terminal adapter.
Terminal Adapter (TA)
* Converts standard electrical signals into the form used
by ISDN
* Needed for connection with TE2 devices
* The ISDN TA can be either a standalone device or a
board inside the TE2
Functional Groupings
 Network terminator type 1 (NT1)
* Network-termination devices that connect the two-wire
TE1 device to ISDN network i.e it is a simple device that converts the
2-wire U interface into 4-wire S/T interface
* S/T interface supports multiple devices(up to 7devices)

 Network terminator type 2 (NT2)

* Intelligent device that performs switching & concentrating i.e
it performs data link layer and network layer functions
* NT2 device is used to convert the 4wire connector to 2wire
connector that can be physically connected to the ISDN network
through NT1.
ISDN Reference points
ISDN specifies a number of reference points that define
logical interfaces between functional groupings, such as
TAs and NT1s.
ISDN reference points include the following:

R---The reference point between non-ISDN equipment and a

TA.
S---The reference point between user terminals and the NT2.
T---The reference point between NT1 and NT2 devices.
U---The reference point between NT1 devices and line-
termination equipment in the carrier network.
Reference points are a series of specifications
that define the connection between specific
devices, depending on their function in the end-to-
end connection
Interfaces and Functional Groupings
ISDN Logical Channel Concept
ISDN employs time division multiplexing
on its physical channels
Time slots in ISDN are named either B or
D, depending on the type of logical
channel the utilises them – D slot carries
signalling or user data, B slot carries only
user data traffic
Bearer channel
It is defined as a clear digital path of
64kbps
It is said to be clear b/c it can be used to
transmit any type of digitized data in full-
duplex mode
There are two forms of bearer service
◦ Structured data:-format understood by
network
◦ Unstructured data:-format not understood by
network
Delta channel
Delta channel (D-channel, 16 kb/s or 64
kb/s) call signaling information:
 who is calling
 type of call
 calling what number
Can also used packet or frame data at
times when bandwidth on the D channel is
not required for signaling and control
ISDN services
Network services define how the user and
the network interacts with each other to
manage calls.
Following are the basic types of services:-
◦ Basic Rate Interface(BRI)
◦ Primary Rate Interface(PRI)
 Basic Rate Interface(BRI)
Connection from the ISDN office to the user
location provides for access to three channels.
 BRI service delivers 144kbs over standard telephone copper
wire which is broken down into
◦ two 64Kb B-channels(meant to carry data)
◦ one 16Kb D-channel(meant to carry the controls and
signaling information)
 Primary Rate Interface(PRI)
ISDN Primary Rate
Interface service
provides digital access of
1.544 bandwidth. This
bandwidth is divided
into 24 64Kb channels.
The ISDN PRI service
uses 23 B channel
access and uses the 24th
(D) channel for
signaling purposes
Alternative of ISDN
 Introduction
 Before B-ISDN, the original ISDN attempted to substitute
the analog telephone system with a digital ISDN system
which was appropriate for both voice and non voice traffic.
 Obtaining worldwide agreement on the Basic rate interface
standard was expected to lead to a large user demand for
ISDN equipment, hence leading to mass production and
inexpensive ISDN chips. However, the standardization
process took years while the technology in this area moved
rapidly. Once the standard was finally agreed upon it was
already obsolete.
 For home use the largest demand for new services was video
and voice transfer, but the ISDN basic rate lacks the
necessary channel capacity. For business, ISDN's 64 kbit/s
data rate compared unfavorably to 10 Mbit/s LANs. This led
to introduction of B-ISDN. Services included video
telephone and video conferencing.
What is B-ISDN??
Any service inquiry with a speed
greater than 1.544 Mbps is defined as
broadband, and any communications
based on this speed are called
broadband communications.
Def:-“A service requiring transmission
channels capable of supporting rates
greater than the primary rate.”
BISDN is an extension of ISDN only in term of the
name. Everything is different including protocol,
architecture, transmission, and switching technology.
Provides for integration of wide range of
communications facilities and the support of universal
communications with the following characteristics.
◦ Worldwide exchange between any two subscribers
in any medium.
◦ Retrieval and sharing of information from multiple
sources, in multiple media.
◦ Distribution of a wide variety of materials to home
or office, on demand.
B-ISDN services
Interactive Services
◦ Two-way exchange of information (other
than control signaling information)
between two subscribers or between a
subscriber and a service provider.
Distribution Services
◦ Primarily one way transfer of information,
from service provider to B-ISDN
subscriber.(broadcasting)
Interactive Services
Conversational services:-
◦ these services provides the means for
communication in real time.
◦ The information flow can be bidirectional
symmetric, bidirectional asymmetric and even
unidirectional in some cases.
◦ Store and forward technique should not be
applied to this service b/c of real time
communication
◦ Eg-videotelephony,videoconferencing etc
Messaging services:-
◦ These services offer communication between
individual users via storage units with store and
forward ,mailbox and message handling functions
◦ Applications could include voice and video mail, as
well as multi-media mail and traditional electronic
mail.
Retrieval services:-
◦ These services are used for retrieving stored
information maintained for public use
◦ The information is retrieved only at the command of a
user
◦ Eg-retrival service for films, high resolution image,
audio information
Distribution Services
Services Without User Presentation
Control:-
◦ Provide a continues flow of information,
which is distributed from a central source
to an unlimited number of authorized
receivers connected to the network.
◦ User can access this flow of information but
has no control over it.
◦ Example: broadcast for television,audio
programmes
Services With User Presentation
Control:-
◦ Distribute information from a central source
to a large number of users.
◦ User has the ability to control the start and
order of presentation.
◦ Example: full channel broadcast videography