Analog and Digital Electronics - CSE 304 (3-1)

(Prerequisites: Electrical Circuits and Electronic Devices )

Instructor: TARIQ MAHMOOD

Differential and Multistage Amplifiers, Op-Amps, Frequency response,

Feedback Topologies, Multi-vibrators, Introduction to Analog Filters, Logic
Families and their characteristics, Design and Analysis of Analog-Digital
interfaces in VLSI, Analog-Digital Converters, Sample/Hold Amplifiers,
Introduction and Design of VLSI Circuits, VLSI Hardware description
languages, Gate level and Behavioral Modeling of Digital Circuits, Types
and applications of ASICs and FPGAs, ASIC and FPGA implementation.
Text Book: Microelectronic Circuits 5th Edition
by Sedra and Smith
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Microelectronic Circuits
by Sedra / Smith 5e

©2004 Oxford University Press.

 Electronic Principles
by Albert Malvino 6 or 7e
Excellent Book On Analog Electronics

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 Marks Distribution
1. Assignments 5% ( Every week )
2. Quizzes 10% ( Every week )
3. Project/Presentation 10%
4. One-Hour Tests 35%
5. Final Exam 40%
Total 100

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Introduction to Electronics

5
 Introduction to Electronics

1. Basic Concepts and Terminology

2. Electronic Devices
3. Discrete Circuits
4. Integrated Circuits
5. Signals – Information about a variety of things and activities in our
physical world.
Weather – Air temperature, pressure, wind speed etc.
Radio News – Acoustic signals, information about world affairs.
Nuclear Reactor – Instruments, relevant parameters.
6. Extract Required Information
7. Signal Processing – Electric signals, voltage or current.
Transducers.
8. Signal Amplification
9. Linear Amplifier

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 Thevenin Form or Norton Form

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Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a signal source: (a) the Thévenin form, and (b) the Norton form.
 Time varying quantity

Difficult to characterize mathematically

Frequency spectrum
Fourier series and Fourier transform
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Figure 1.2 An arbitrary voltage signal vs(t).
 Sine wave a very important signal in the analysis, design and testing of
electronic circuits.

Characterized by peak value, frequency and phase

r.m.s = Peak value / √2 = Peak value x 0.707

Figure 1.3 Sine-wave voltage signal of amplitude Va and frequency f. = 1/T Hz. The angular frequency v = 2pf rad/s. 9
Deg Sine Sine2
0 0.0000 0.0000
10 0.1736 0.0302
20 0.3420 0.1170
30 0.5000 0.2500 r.m.s = sqrt[(v12+v22+……..vn2)/n]
40 0.6428 0.4132
50 0.7660 0.5868
60 0.8660 0.7500
70 0.9397 0.8830
80 0.9848 0.9698
90 1.0000 1.0000
100 0.9848 0.9698
110 0.9397 0.8830
120 0.8660 0.7500
130 0.7660 0.5868
140 0.6428 0.4132
150 0.5000 0.2500
160 0.3420 0.1170
170 0.1736 0.0302
9.0000
0.7071
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Figure 1.4 A symmetrical square-wave signal of amplitude V.

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Figure 1.5 The frequency spectrum (also known as the line spectrum) of the periodic square wave of Fig. 1.4.
 Audio band = 20Hz to 20kHz, Video signal = 0 to 4.5MHz

Time domain vo(t) and Frequency domain Vo(ω)

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Figure 1.6 The frequency spectrum of an arbitrary waveform such as that in Fig. 1.2.
.
 Analogue and Digital Signals

Samples or Discrete Time Signals

If we represent the magnitude by a number

having finite number of digits, it is said to
be quantized, discretized or digitized.
For example ‘binary numbers’

Figure 1.7 Sampling the continuous-time analog signal in (a) results. in the discrete-time signal in (b). 15
Figure 1.8 Variation of a particular binary digital signal with time.

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Figure 1.9 Block-diagram representation of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

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 Amplifiers
1. Signal amplification
2. Linearity
3. Distortion
4. Amplifier gain
5. Linear amplifier
6. Non-linear distortion
7. Voltage amplifier
8. Pre-amplifier
9. Power amplifier
10. Current amplifier
11. Attenuation
12. Transformers

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 Reference Point or Circuit Ground

Figure 1.10 (a) Circuit symbol for amplifier. (b) An amplifier with a common terminal (ground) between the input and output ports.

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Figure 1.11 (a) A voltage amplifier fed with a signal vI(t) and connected to a load resistance RL.

(b) Transfer characteristic of a linear voltage amplifier with

voltage gain Av.

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Dimensionless or V/V, A/A, W/W

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Figure 1.12 An amplifier that requires two dc supplies (shown as. batteries) for operation. 22
Figure 1.13 An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except .for output saturation. 23
 Single power supply operation -- Biasing

VI & VO -- Quiescent point, dc bias point or operating point

Figure 1.14 (a) An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as
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shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small. Observe that this amplifier is operated from a single power supply, VDD.
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Figure 1.15 A sketch of the transfer characteristic of the amplifier. of Example 1.2. Note that this amplifier is inverting (i.e., with a gain that is 27
negative).
Total instantaneous quantities

Direct current quantities

Power supply voltages

Incremental signal quantities

Conventions
Sine wave amplitude

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 Buffer amplifier
Cascaded amplifiers

Figure 1.18 Three-stage amplifier for Example 1.3.

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 Unilateral models

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 .
Figure 1.19 (a) Small-signal circuit model for a bipolar junction transistor 34(b) The BJT connected as an amplifier with the emitter as a common
(BJT).
terminal between input and output (called a common-emitter amplifier). (c) An alternative small-signal circuit model for the BJT.
EXAMPLE 1.4

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Figure E1.20

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 Assignment 1(12 Oct 2010)
A transistor amplifier has the transfer characteristic
11
vo  10  10 e xvi

It applies for vi  0.1 and vo  0.25 , Find the limits L- and

L+ and the corresponding values of vi . Also, find the value
of dc bias voltage VI that results in VO = y and the voltage
gain at the corresponding operating point.
Note:
Starting values are x = 39 and y = 6, and end values are 7 and
2.7 respectively.