Ch 1.9e (Ch 1.

10)
Vector Integration
講者： 許永昌 老師

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Contents
Line Integrals: Fdr
Example: Work and Potential.
Other types: Fdr , f dr.
Surface Integrals Jds
Example: Flux, Moment of Inertia and area.
Other types: J  ds,  f ds.
Volume Integrals Vdt
Example: Volume of Rotated Gaussian.
Integral Definitions of Gradient, Divergence, and Curl

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 Line integrals
In Riemann integrals (
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RiemannIntegral.html ),
line integrals can be written as
 CVdr=limDr 0iV(ri)Dri.
i

 CVdr=Vxdx+Vydy+Vzdz = CV//dr = CVdr//.

NOTE:

 f  x  x
b a

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx 
a b
lim
max x 0
i
i i

Physical applications: work, potential, etc.

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Example P59e (P56)
Path-Dependent Work
How about a curved path?
Geometric:
 The line integrals of path 1
B C
OA & OB =0 because of F 0.8

(ri) Dri.

Path 2
0.6

C 1
 Fdr   xdy  1. 0.4
 
A 0 x 1
Projection 0.2

C 1
 
0
Fdr 
  ydx  1. A
B
Projection
0 y 1 -0.2
O Path 1

F  r    yxˆ  xyˆ
-0.4

-0.6
Algebraic:
W   F dr   Fx dx   Fy dy -0.8 Force field

-1


   ydx   xdy
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
For this case
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Surface Integrals
Surface integral: n̂
Jds , where
 J: a vector. E.g. current density.
 ds : area element. ds=ndA.
 n: a unit normal vector to indicate the positive direction.

1. If the surface is a closed surface, we agree to take the out

ward normal as positive.
2. If the surface is an open surface, the positive normal depe
nds on the direction in which the perimeter of the open
surface is traversed (right-hand rule).

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 Example: on the xy plane.
zˆ dxdy  xˆ  yˆ dxdy

Surface Integrals d   nˆ dA  or
 zˆ dxdy  yˆ  xˆ dxdy

In Riemann integral,
   n 
 J  r   dA  lim  J  rk   Ak ,

max Ak 0
k 1

where rk are an arbitrary point in the interval Ak .

êids= êindA=dAcosq.
The projection of the surface. ds êi

Jds =Jxdsx+ Jydsy+ Jzdsz.

dsx=sign(x
ˆ d  ) | dydz |.
dsy=?
dsz=?

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Surface integrals
 Jzdxdy=
x 1  y  1 x 2 
x1  y  1 x2 J z  x, y  dy  dx 
x 1 y  1 x 2
  J z  x, y  dxdy.
x 1 y  1 x 2

STOP TO THINK: 這裡的 x or y 的上下限有沒有甚麼限制 ( 上下限交換可以嗎？ ) ？

理由？

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Example: electric flux
Assume E  zˆ , what is the electric flux through the
green surface x2+y2+z2=1 & z0.

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Volume Integrals
Volume integrals are simpler because the volume elem
ent dt is a scalar quantity.

 Vd  x ˆ  Vx d  yˆ  Vy d  zˆ  Vz d .
 Frequently, the symbols d3r and d3x are used to denote a volum
e element in 3D coordinate space.
 The volume element dt :
 Make sure all the values of intervals (e.g. dx ) are non-negative.

 Cartesian coordinate: dxdydz.

 Cylindrical coordinate: rdrdfdz. P109e

rdf
 THINK OF THAT: Why?

 Spherical coordinate: r2sinqdrdqdf. P127e

dr

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Integral Definitions of Gradient, Divergence
and Curl ds

  lim closed
d
  d 0  d


  V d 
V  lim
closed

  d 0  d


  V  lim
closed
d  V

  d 0  d
Point  Line  Area  Volume.

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 ẑ
ds >0
Integral Definitions of Gradient, Divergence z

and Curl
closed  d   xˆ closed  d x  yˆ closed  d y  zˆ closed  d z
                
d  can be smaller than 0.

 xˆ   d x   yˆ   d y  zˆ    x, y, zu     x, y , zd   d  z
closed closed
d z 0
dsz <0
  x, y , z 
 xˆ   d x  yˆ   d y  zˆ  dzd z
closed closed z 
0

   d  .
0

 
closed
V d   
closed
Vx d  x  
closed
Vy d  y  
closed
Vz d  z   Vd .

Vk
 d   V    ijk eˆ i  d jVk    ijk eˆ i  dx j d j     Vd .
closed ijk closed ijk x j
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Summary
Line integrals:
 Fdr   F dlproject

  Fproject dl
0
    F dx
i 1,2,3
i i .
can be a negative value   
In Cartesian Coordinate
Surface integrals:
 Vd    Vnˆ dA
 
0
  V dA
i 1,2,3
i i

Volume integrals:  Vd  xˆ  V d  yˆ  V d  zˆ  V d .

x y z

Symbols:
dr, ds and dt have told you the dimension of the integration element,
you can use only one  to represent the integration.
Closed loop:  Fdr
Closed surface:

Ed 
Gradient, divergence and curl can be defined by integrations. P66e
(P58). 12
Homework
1.9.3e (1.10.5)
1.9.4e (1.10.6)
Essential 那一本其實在內文與 exercises 都有不一樣
且不錯的題目可以練習。

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1.9 nouns
Riemann Integral: P59e: It is defined by subdividing
the curve into ever smaller segments whose number gr
ows indefinitely.
Mathematical symbols:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_mathematical_
symbols

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