Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
The basic definitions of Handover
The algorithms of handover decision
The handover flow
The parameters of handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page3
Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. Measurement of Handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page4
The Purpose of Handover
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic element
in QoS.
The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency of using
resource
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page5
The Basic Concepts of Handover
Active Set
Monitored Set
Detected set
Event reporting
Event reporting to Periodic reporting
Periodic reporting
Radio Link (RL)
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Combination way:
maximum ratio combination
selection combination
The soft handover gain
CPICH
Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page6
The Categories of Handover
According to the signaling characters:
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM)
According to the purpose of handover
Based on Coverage
Based on Load (Optional)
Based on mobility of UE (Optional)
Based on Service (Optional)
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page7
The Characters of Different Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page8
The Characters of Different Handovers
Comparison between soft handover and softer handover
During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in NodeB
by maximum ratio combination, but during soft handover they are
combined in RNC by selection combination
Compare to later one, the maximum ration combination can get more
gain. So the performance of maximum ration combination is better
Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not consume
transport resource of Iub
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page9
Soft Handover
RNC
NodeB 1 NodeB 2
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page10
Softer Handover
RNC (WFMR)
NodeB
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page11
Hard Handover
RNC
NodeB 1 NodeB 2
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page12
Three Steps of Handover
Measurement Decision
Execute
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page13
Questions
The differences among Soft handover, softer handover and hard
handover
Typical application scenarios
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page14
Summary
This chapter focus on the purpose of handovers and the categories
of handover in WCDMA.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page15
Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. Measurement of Handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page16
Contents
2. Measurement of Handover
2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page17
Measurement Control
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page18
Measurement Control
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page19
Measurement Report
UE UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page20
Contents
2. Measurement of Handover
2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page21
The Basic Concepts of Measurement
The measurement values of Handover
Soft handover and Intra-frequency hard handover : CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0,
Path loss
Inter-frequency : CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/N0
Inter-system : GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation
The reporting methods of measurement
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
The events of reporting
Intra-frequency events : 1A,1B,1C,1D,1F
Inter-frequency events : 2D,2F,2B,2C
Inter-system events : 3A,3C
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page22
Measurement Model
parameters parameters
A Layer 1 B Layer 3 C D
Evaluation
filtering filtering
of reporting
criteria
C'
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page23
Reporting Criterion
Reporting Criterion
Decision formula: for example, 1A event :
Path Loss
NA
10 LogM New W 10 Log M i (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
i 1
Other measurement :
NA
10 LogM New W 10 Log M i (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R H 1a / 2),
i 1
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page24
Key Parameters
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page25
Contents
2. Measurement of Handover
2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page26
Intra-frequency Measurement Events
Intra-frequency measurement report events are identified with 1X
1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When the active set of
UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range;
1C : The primary pilot channel
l in a non active set is better than the primary pilot channel in an active set;
1D : The best cell changes;
1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the absolute
threshold
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page27
Inter-frequency Measurement Events
Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2X
2B : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold;
2C : The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher
than a certain threshold;
2D : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than
a certain threshold
2F : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than
a certain threshold
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page28
Inter-system Measurement Events
Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3X
3A : The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is
lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher
than a certain threshold
3C : The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than a
certain threshold
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page29
Contents
2. Measurement of Handover
2.1 Measurement control and measurement report
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page30
The Purpose of Compressed mode
Purpose
Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under FDD
mode
Categories
Downlink compressed
Uplink compressed
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page31
Compressed Mode Sketch Map
One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page32
The realization Methods of
Compressed mode
Realization Methods
SF/2
Rate matching/puncturing
Higher layer scheduling
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page33
Questions
How many events are there in intra-frequency measurement?
What are they?
How many events are there in UE internal measurement?
How many events are there in inter-frequency measurement?
What are they?
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page34
Summary
This chapter covers intra-frequency measurement, inter-frequency
measurement, inter-system measurement and UE internal
measurement from their definitions and application scenarios
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page35
Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. Measurement of Handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page36
Contents
3. The Basic Handovers
3.1 Soft Handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page37
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
Characters of Soft Handover
During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells - active set
The handover among different cells which are in same RLS can be
softer handover
Soft handover:
– Selection combination in uplink
Softer handover
– Maximum combination in uplink and downlink
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page38
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover
Advantages
Soft handover gain
Load balance
Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover
Disadvantages
More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource of BE
service
Usually, the gain of downlink power is negative
When the downlink power from different cells is not balanced, it will bring
side-effect
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page39
Measurement of Soft Handover
The measurement of soft handover/softer handover
Measurement value : CPICH RSCP 、 CPICH Ec/No 、 Pathloss
Process of Measurement : Layer 1 filter, Layer 3 filter
Reporting way
Periodic reporting
Event reporting
– Event type : 1A 、 1B 、 1C 、 1D 、 1F
– UE measures the time difference between CFN and SFN
– Reporting rules: trigger condition, Relative threshold, Absolute threshold,
Hysteresis, Time to trigger
Event reporting to periodic reporting
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page40
The Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover
Soft/softer handover decision
1A : Radio Link Addition
1B : Radio Link Removal
1C : Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal
1D : change best cell
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page41
The Execution of Soft Handover
Soft handover execution
The update principal of measurement control
Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters according to best cell
RLC mode
AM mode is used for measurement control
UM mode is used for measurement report
The compensation and restriction of soft handover
From event reporting to periodic reporting
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page42
Soft Handover Flow (add RL)
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page43
Soft Handover Flow (del RL)
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page44
Key Parameters
Relative threshold
Time to trigger
Layer 3 filter coefficient
Absolute threshold of soft handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page45
Contents
3. The Basic Handovers
3.1 Soft Handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page46
Brief Introduction of Intra-frequency Hard
Handover
Characters
UE only has one RL with one cell in the process of handover
Disconnect UE with the original cell, then hand it over to target cell
The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Advantages
Enhance the using efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware resource
Disadvantages
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference
Application scenarios
Without Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface jam (only
happened in inter-RNC handover)
The different strategies can be used for different conditions, such as code
resource condition, the QoS condition and so no
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page47
The Measurement, Decision and Execution of
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Measurement
Similar to soft handover
Decision
1D event
Execution
UE reports CFN-SFN information
Synchronization hard handover
Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
UE does not report CFN-SFN information
The hard handover based on timing
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page48
The Measurement, Decision and Execution of
Intra-frequency Hard Handover
Measurement
Similar to soft handover
Decision
1D event
Execution
UE reports CFN-SFN information
Synchronization hard handover
Use the original DOFF value
Continuous CFN
UE does not report CFN-SFN information
The hard handover based on timing
Re-configure DOFF
Calculate CFN according to DOFF
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page49
Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow
Target Source
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
3.ALCAP establish
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP release
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page50
Key Parameters
Handover decision threshold based on BE speed
UE should do soft handover when the speed of BE service is less
than the threshold.
UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the speed of BE
service is greater than the threshold.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page51
Contents
3. The Basic Handovers
3.1 Soft Handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page52
The Brief Introduction of Inter-frequency
Hard Handover
Characters
The working frequency is different after handover
The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one receiver
Usually, the timing re-initiation hard handover is used for hard
handover
Application scenarios
Disconnected coverage
Handover based on load
Hierarchy cells
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page53
Measurement Values and Events
The Inter-frequency hard handover measurement values
Measurement values
CPICH RSCP 、 CPICH Ec/N0
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page54
Compressed Mode Initiation
Conditions for measurement initiated
2D event : The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower
than a certain threshold
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page55
Cells Hierarchy Algorithm Based on UE
Moving Speed
When UE is in one of the hierarchy cells, the moving speed
estimation algorithm is initiated
Handover events in a while decides whether the speed of UE satisfies
the current cell hierarchy condition
UE’s moving speed decided the result
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page56
Decision Algorithm
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page57
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Signaling
Flow Source Target
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
3.ALCAP established
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP released
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page58
Key Parameters (I)
Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters
Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or event reporting
Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger time and
hysteresis
Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the different
demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS domain,
the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured.
Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality threshold of target
cell
Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover
The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page59
Key Parameters (II)
Inter-frequency handover parameters caused by non-coverage
ability
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger
time and hysteresis
Inter-frequency handover based on non-coverage ability
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page60
Contents
3. The Basic Handovers
3.1 Soft Handover
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page61
The Brief Introduction of Inter-system Hard
Handover
Application scenarios
WCDMA FDD < - >GSM
Characters
Different radio access technology is used after handover
Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the measurement
Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old equipments(2G-
>3G)
Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for
equipments
Demands more complicated UE
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page62
Compressed Mode Initiated
The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement)
Measurement type:
GSM Carrier RSSI
BSIC Identification
BSIC Reconfirmation
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page63
Decision Algorithm
Inter-system handover caused by coverage
Event reporting:
3A event : The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency
is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher
than a certain threshold
Periodic reporting:
Evaluation : According to the periodic reported GSM RSSI
measurement value and the BSIC confirming state of target cell of GSM
system, and meanwhile the UE evaluates the GSM RSSI of target cell is
greater than the absolute threshold, then consider the cell confirmed by
BSIC
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page64
Decision Algorithm
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage
Event reporting
3C event: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher
than a absolute threshold
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page65
Inter-system Handover Flow
UE Node B SRNC CN MSC BSC
1. Relocation
Required 2. Prepare
Handover
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
5. Prepare
6. Relocation Handover
Command Response
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete
10. Handover
Complete
12. Iu Release 11. Send
Command End
Signal
Request
13. Iu Release
Complete 14. Send End
Signal Response
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page66
Key Parameters (I)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the
different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and
CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured
Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F)
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP
BSIC confirmed (Optional)
Inter-system handover caused by coverage parameters
configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS domain separately
Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold
Configure the delay trigger time, hysteresis for each event
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page67
Key Parameters (II)
Inter-system handover caused by non-coverage parameters
The period of inter-system measurement report
The decision threshold for inter-system handover: configure the
CS, PS, signaling separately
Time delay trigger : configure BSIC with acknowledged and
unacknowledged mode
Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient and
hysteresis
Penalty time
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page68
Questions
What are the differences between soft handover and softer
handover?
What is compressed mode?
Draw out the hard handover signaling flow.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page69
Summary
This chapter focus on the basic handovers in WCDMA: soft
handover, softer handover, intra-frequency hard handover, inter-
frequency hard handover and inter-system hard handover. It also
introduced the application scenarios for these different handovers
Meanwhile, compressed mode is introduced in this chapter
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page70
Thank you
www.huawei.com