DALTON’S LAW OF

PARTIAL PRESSURE,
AVOGADRO’S LAW,
IDEAL GAS LAW

MS. ANA D. HIRANG

SY 2008 -2009
RECALL on GAS LAWS

P1 = P2
T1 T2
RECALL on GAS LAWS

Rate of gas 1 = MW of gas 2

Rate of gas 2 MW of gas
1
RECALL on GAS LAWS

P1V1 = P2V2
RECALL on GAS LAWS

P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
RECALL on GAS LAWS

V1 = V2
T1 T2
 DALTON’S LAW OF
PARTIAL PRESSURE

 In 1801, Dalton found out that the total

pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the partial pressure exerted by each
gas. This is known as Dalton’s law of partial
pressure.
 Each gas in the mixture exerts a pressure that
is independent of the other gases present.
These pressures are called partial pressures.
 DALTON’S LAW OF
PARTIAL PRESSURE
 Thus if we have a
mixture of two gases,
O2 = 0.1 atm
N2 O2 N2 + O2 N2 = 0.7 atm
PTOTAL= 0.8 atm

Mathematically this can be stated as:

PTOTAL = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE
 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure can be
explained by 2 concepts from the Kinetic
Molecular Theory.
1. The pressure of a gas is caused by the
collision of molecules with the walls of
the container.
2. Gas molecules act independently of each
other.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 Gas exchange between living organisms
and the environment depends on the
properties of gases, in particular, partial
pressure and solubility.
 RESPIRATION is one of the most
important processes because we need to
breathe OXYGEN and breathe out CO2 in
order to live.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
TABLE 1: PARTIAL PRESSURE CHANGES DURING RESPIRATION

Partial Pressure (kPa)

GAS INHALED AIR EXHALED AIR

N2 (g) 79.3 75.9

O2 (g) 21.3 15.5
CO2 (g) 0.040 3.7
H2O(g)* 0.67 6.2
* The quantity of water in air varies. The value used in this
table is based on a relatively low humidity.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 Oxygen is the most important gas in the
atmosphere, it makes up 21 % of the
volume of dry air.
 Partial pressure of a gas is more useful
than percentage composition because it is
the pressure of oxygen that determines
how much oxygen is absorbed by the
lungs of the person.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 21 % of the volume and pressure of the
atmosphere is due to OXYGEN. The partial
pressure of oxygen can be calculated by
multiplying the percent in decimal form by
the total pressure.
 POXYGEN = 0.21 X 760 torr = 159.6 torr
 We function best breathing this partial
pressure of oxygen.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 DID YOU KNOW
 You may have about 3.5 x 102 tiny
ALVEOLI (air sacs) in each lung. The
surface area of contact with capillaries for
absorbing oxygen is about 75 m2, about
four (4) times as much area as an average
classroom floor!
X –SECTION OF AN ALVEOLI
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 When we live at higher elevations, the
partial pressure of oxygen is lower and our
bodies adjust accordingly.
 On top of the highest mountain, e.g. MT.
EVEREST, the total atmospheric pressure
is 270 torr, so the partial pressure of
oxygen is only 56.7 torr, or about 1/3 of
normal.
 POXYGEN = 0.21 X 270 torr = 56.7 torr
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
A human being cannot survive for long
at such a low pressure of oxygen.
 At that altitude, even conditioned
climbers must use an oxygen tank and
mask, which give an increased partial
pressure of oxygen to the lungs.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: TOTAL PRESSURE
SAMPLE EXERCISES
1. An equilibrium mixture contains H2 at
560 torr, N2 at 180 torr and O2 at 250
torr pressure. What is the total pressure
of the gases, in mm Hg and atm, in the
system?
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: TOTAL PRESSURE
SAMPLE EXERCISES
2. In a compressed air tank for scuba
diving to a depth of 30 m, a mixture
with an oxygen partial pressure of 28
atm and a nitrogen partial pressure of
110 atm is used. What is the total
pressure in the tank?
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: TOTAL PRESSURE
SAMPLE EXERCISES
3. The total pressure of a gas mixture in a
cylinder is 6.40 atm. Gas A exerts a
pressure three times that of gas B. Gas C
exerts a pressure twice that of gas A. What
will be the pressure of gas A, B, C if they
occupy the cylinder alone?
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 Another application of partial pressures is
THE COLLECTION OF GAS BY THE
DISPLACEMENT OF WATER.
 Hydrogen and oxygen are often
generated in the lab and collected by
bubbling the gases into a container filled
with water. Both of this gases have a
relatively low solubility in water.
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

HYDROGEN GAS GENERATION

 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 However, water evaporates relatively
easily and the gas collected will be
mixed with some water vapor.
 Water vapor is a gas like any other gas
and the pressure exerted by a gas
above its liquid is called VAPOR
PRESSURE.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL
PRESSURE: APPLICATION
 The vapor pressure of water at
different temperature is well known.
See Table 13.2 , p. 253 of your
textbook.
 Dalton’s law of partial pressures and a
table of known vapor pressures of
water can be used to determine the
pressure of dry gas that has been
collected.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
In a laboratory, oxygen gas was collected
by water displacement at an atmospheric
pressure of 726 torr and a temperature of
22°C. Calculate the partial pressure of dry
oxygen.
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SOLUTION to Sample Problem
PTOTAL = 726 torr
PWATER= 19.8 torr (22 °C)
POXYGEN = ?

PTOTAL = POXYGEN + PWATER

POXYGEN = PTOTAL – PWATER
= 726 torr – 19.8 torr
POXYGEN = 706.2 torr
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SAMPLE EXERCISES
1. A sealed container of bottled water sits
on a store shelf at a temperature of
23°C. What is the partial pressure of
water vapor in the air space inside the
container?
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SAMPLE EXERCISES
2. Nitrogen gas is collected at 20°C and a
total ambient pressure of 735.8 torr
using the method of water
displacement. What is the partial
pressure of dry nitrogen?
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SAMPLE EXERCISES
3. Hydrogen gas is collected over water
at a total pressure of 714.4 mm Hg.
The volume of hydrogen collected is 30
mL at 25°C. What is the partial
pressure of hydrogen gas?
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A 500 mL sample of oxygen was
collected over water at 23°C and 760
torr pressure. What volume will the dry
oxygen occupy at 23°C and 760 torr?
The vapor pressure of water at 23°C is
21.1 torr (from table 13.2, TBK)
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SOLUTION to Sample Problem
PTOTAL = POXYGEN - PWATER
POXYGEN = 760 torr – 21.1 torr
POXYGEN = 738.9 torr
Given: V1 = 500 mL V2 = ?
P1 = 738.9 torr P2 = 760 torr
T1=23c + 273 = 300K
T2=23c + 273 = 300K
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SOLUTION to Sample Problem
V2 = P1V1
P2
= (500 mL) (739 torr) = 486 mL dry O2
(760 torr)
 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE:
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD
 SAMPLE EXERCISE
Oxygen gas occupies 500 mL at 20°C
and 760 mm Hg. What volume will it
occupy if is collected over water at
30°C and 750 mm Hg?
AVOGADRO’S LAW
 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac of France studied
the volume relationship of reacting gases.
 In 1809, he published his results. He
summarized in a statement known as GAY-
LUSSAC’S LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES OF
GASES: When measured at the same
temperature and pressure, the ratios of the
volumes of reacting gases are the small
whole numbers.
 AVOGADRO’S LAW

H2 + Cl2  2 HCl
1 volume 1 volume 2 volumes
1 molecule 1 molecule 2 molecules
1 mol 1 mol 2 mol
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
 AVOGADRO’S LAW states that equal
volumes of different gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain the same
number of molecules.
 If the amount of gas in a container is
increased, the volume is increased.
 If the amount of gas in a container is
decreased, the volume is decreased.
AVOGADRO’S LAW
 As you increase the
amount of gas (i.e.
through inhalation)
the volume of the
balloon increases
likewise.
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
 This law was a real breakthrough in
understanding the nature of gases.
1. It offered a rational explanation of
Gay-Lussac’s law of combining
volumes of gases and indicated the
diatomic nature of elemental gases,
such as hydrogen, chlorine and
oxygen.
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
H2 + Cl2  2 HCl
1 volume 1 volume 2 volumes
1 molecule 1 molecule 2 molecules
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
2. It provided a method for determining
the molecular weights of gases of
known molecular weight.
3. It afforded a firm foundation for the
development of the kinetic molecular
theory.
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
The mathematical form of Avogadro’s law is:
V   ; V1 = V2
n n1 n2

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A sample of gas with a volume of 9.20 L is
known to contain 1.225 mol. If the amount of
gas is increased to 2.85 mol, what new volume
will result if the pressure and temperature
remain constant?
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
SOLUTION
Given: V1 = 9.20 L V2 = ?
n1 = 1.225 mol n2 = 2.85 mol
Solution:
V2 = n2V1 = (2.85 mol) (9.20 L) = 21.4 L
n1 (1.225 mol)
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
SAMPLE EXERCISES
1. If 0.25 mol of argon gas occupies a
volume of 7.62 mL at a particular
temperature and pressure, what volume
would 0.43 mol of argon have under the
same conditions?
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
SAMPLE EXERCISES
2. At a certain temperature and pressure, a
balloon with 10.0 g of oxygen has a
volume of 7.00 L. What is the volume
after 5.00 g of oxygen is added to the
balloon?
 Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law was first written in 1834 by
EMIL CLAPEYRON. It is a combination of all
the gas laws.
PV = nRT

Where, P = pressure , V = volume,

n = amount of gas expressed in mol,
T = temperature,
R = gas constant, 0.0821 L  atm
mol  K
 Ideal Gas Law
The kinetic molecular theory assumes
that the particles of an IDEAL GAS
have negligible volume and no
attraction exists between molecules.
The temperature, pressure and volume
of an ideal gas are related to each
other by the ideal gas equation.
 Ideal Gas Law
GAS EQUATION

R = PV = (1.0 atm) (22.4L)

nT (1.0 mol) (273K)
R = 0.0821 L  atm
mol  K
 Ideal Gas Law
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
What pressure will be exerted by 0.400 mol of gas in a 5.00 L
container at 17.0°C?

Given:
n = 0.400 mol
V= 5.00 L
T= 17.0 °C + 273 = 290 K
Solution:
L  atm
P = nRT = (0.400 mol) (0.0821 mol  K) (290 K) = 1.9atm
V (5.00 L)
 Ideal Gas Law
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Calculate the molecular weight of butane gas, if 4.96 g occupy
2.13 L at 20.0 °C and 1 atm pressure.

Given:
g = 4.96 g
V= 2.13 L
T= 20.0 °C + 273 = 293 K
P= 1 atm
Solution:
L  atm
MW = gRT = (4.96 g) (0.0821 mol  K) (293 K) = 56.0 g/mol
PV (1 atm) (2.13 L)
 Ideal Gas Law
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
What is the density of oxygen gas at STP?

Given:
MW = 32 g/mol
T= 273 K
P= 1 atm
Solution:

D = MWP = (32 g/mol) (1 atm) = 1.43 g/L

RT L  atm
(0.0821 mol  K) (273 K)
 Ideal Gas Law
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
What is the density of oxygen gas at 20°C and 750 mm Hg?

Given:
MW = 32 g/mol
T= 20°C + 273 K= 293 K
P= 750 mm Hg x 1 atm = 0.987 atm
760 mm Hg
Solution:

D = MWP = (32 g/mol) (0.987 atm) = 1.31 g/L

RT L  atm
(0.0821 mol  K) (293 K)
 Ideal Gas Law
SAMPLE EXERCISES
1. What volume will 1.27 mol of helium
gas occupy at STP?
2. Calculate the volume of 0.360 mole
H2 at 52 °C and 1.5 atm pressure.
 Ideal Gas Law
SAMPLE EXERCISES
3. How many moles of gas are contained in
a 50.0-L cylinder at a pressure of 100.0
atm and a temperature of 35.0 °C?
4. Calculate the molecular weight of a gas
having a density of 2.47 g/L at 26 °C and
1 atm pressure?
 Ideal Gas Law
SAMPLE EXERCISES
5. What is the density of nitrogen gas at
STP?
 SHORT QUIZ
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS
1. What is the total pressure in atmospheres of a
gas mixture containing argon gas at 0.28 atm,
helium gas at 280 mm Hg, and nitrogen gas at
390 torr?
2. A sample of 8.00 moles of argon has a volume
of 20.0 L. A small leak causes half of the
molecules to escape. What is the new volume
of the gas?
 SHORT QUIZ
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS
3. How many moles of O2 are present in
44.8 L of O2 at STP?