ROCKET

TECHNOLOGY
What is Rocket?
 A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, spacecraft,
aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust from a
rocket engine.
 Rocket engines work by action and reaction.
 Rocket engines push rockets forwards simply by
throwing their exhaust backwards extremely fast.
 Rockets are used for fireworks, weaponry,
ejection seats, launch vehicles for artificial satellites,
human spaceflight and exploration of other planets.
History of rocket
 A common claim is that the first recorded use of a rocket
in battle was by the Chinese in 1232 against the Mongol
hordes at Kai Feng Fu.
Rocket technology first became known to Europeans
following its use by the Mongols Genghis Khan when
they conquered parts of Russia, Eastern, and Central
Europe.
• In 1792, the first iron-cased rockets were successfully developed used militarily
by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore in India
against the larger British East India Company forces during the Anglo-Mysore
Wars.
History of rocket
• Modern rockets were born when Robert Goddard
attached a supersonic (de Laval) nozzle to a liquid-
fueled rocket engine's combustion chamber.

into
These nozzles turn the hot gas from the combustion chamber
a cooler, hypersonic, highly directed jet of gas, more than
doubling the thrust and raising the engine efficiency from 2% to
64%.
Types of Rocket
 tiny models such as balloon rockets, water rockets, skyrockets or small solid rockets that can be purchased
at a hobby store
 Missiles, space rockets such as the enormous Saturn V used for the Apollo program
 rocket cars , rocket bike
 rocket powered aircraft (including rocket assisted takeoff of conventional aircraft- JATO)

 rocket sleds , rocket trains, rocket torpedos , rocket powered

jet packs.
 rapid escape systems such as ejection seats and launch escape systems ,
space probes.
Design
A rocket design can be as simple as a cardboard tube filled with black powder but
to make an efficient, accurate rocket or missile involves overcoming a number of
difficult problems. The main difficulties include cooling the combustion chamber,
pumping the fuel (in the case of a liquid fuel), and controlling and correcting the
direction of motion.
 Components
 Rockets consist of a propellant, a place to put propellant and a nozzle.
 They may also have one or more rocket engines, directional stabilization device(s)
(such as vernier engines or engine gimbals for thrust vectoring, gyroscopes) and a
structure to hold these components together.
Design
Engines
 Rocket engines employ the principle of jet propulsion.
 Most current rockets are chemically powered rockets (usually internal
combustion engines) that emit a hot exhaust gas.
 The acceleration of these gases through the engine exerts force
("thrust") on the combustion chamber and nozzle, propelling the
vehicle (according to Newton's Third Law).
Design
Propellant
 Rocket propellant is mass that is stored, usually in some form of
propellant tank or casing, prior to being used as the propulsive
mass that is ejected from a rocket engine in the form of a fluid
jet to produce thrust.
 The propellants are a fuel such as liquid hydrogen or kerosene which is
burned with an oxidizer such as liquid oxygen or nitric acid to produce
large volumes of very hot gas.
 Sometimes the propellant is not burned but still undergoes a chemical
reaction, and can be a 'monopropellant' such as hydrazine, nitrou oxide
or hydrogen peroxide that can be catalytically decomposed to hot gas.
Technology
 The action of the rocket engine's combustion chambers and expansion
nozzles on a high pressure fluid is able to accelerate the fluid to extremely
high speed, and conversely this exerts a large reactive thrust on the rocket
(an equal and opposite reaction according to Newton's third law) which
propels the rocket forwards.

Forces on a rocket in flight

Flying rockets are primarily affected by the following:
 Drag if moving in atmosphere
 Lift; usually relatively small effect except
for rocket-powered aircraft
 Thrust from the engine
 Gravity from celestial bodies 
 Technology
• Net thrust
• It can be shown that the net thrust of a rocket is:
Fn =˙mv

where:
˙m=propellant flow (kg/s or lb/s)
v=the effective exhaust velocity (m/s or ft/s)
Technology
• Impulse
• The total impulse of a rocket burning its propellant is
simply
I=∫Fdt

• When there is fixed thrust, this is simply:

I=Ft
Technology
Typical performances of common propellants

Propellant mix Vacuum Isp (seconds) Effective exhaust

velocity (m/s)

liquid oxygen/ 455 4462

liquid hydrogen

358 3510
liquid oxygen/
kerosene (RP-1)
305 2993
nitrogen tetroxide/
hydrazine
Technology
Mass ratios
Technology
Acceleration and thrust-to-weight ratio

From Newton's second law, the acceleration, a,

of a vehicle is simply:
a= (Fn/m)
where m is the instantaneous mass of the vehicle and Fn is the
net force acting on the rocket (mostly thrust but air drag and
other forces can play a part.)
Technology
Drag
 Drag is a force which acts opposite to the direction of
the rocket's motion.
Drag causes a decrease in the acceleration of the
vehicle whilst also producing structural loads.
Drag can be minimised by an aerodynamic nose cone
and by using a shape with a high ballistic coefficient
and by keeping the rocket's angle of attack as low as
possible.
Technology
Energy
 Rocket launch vehicles take-off with a great deal of
flames, noise and drama, and it might seem obvious that
they are grievously inefficient.
 The energy density of a typical rocket propellant is often
around one-third that of conventional hydrocarbon fuels;
the bulk of the mass is oxidizer.
 Energy from the fuel is lost in air drag and gravity drag
and is used for the rocket to gain altitude and speed.
However, much of the lost energy ends up in the exhaust.
Technology

Rocket propulsive efficiency as a function of vehicle

speed divided by effective exhaust speed
Noise
 For all but the very smallest sizes, rocket exhaust compared to other engines
is generally very noisy. As the hypersonic exhaust mixes with the ambient air,
shock waves are formed. The sound intensity from these shock waves depends
on the size of the rocket as well as the exhaust speed. The sound intensity of
large, high performance rockets could potentially kill at close range.

The Space Shuttle generates over 200 dB(A) of noise

around its base.
Noise is generally most intense when a rocket is close to
the ground, since the noise from the engines radiates up
away from the plume, as well as reflecting off the ground.
CONCLUSION
With the progress of our civilization and technology , rocket
technology is developed to improve other technology for
the development of the future. But sometimes rocket is
used as weapon,and also it causes many environmental
problems. It depends on the human whether it gives
beautiful life or takes lives as weapon of
destruction.
PREPARED BY
SWARNENDU SAMANTA (09108016083)

VIDYA SAGAR PRASAD(09108016087)

TANMAY PAL(09108016084)

VIKASH MANDAL(09108016088)

TAUSIF AHMED(09108016085)

VIKRAM CHAHAN(09108016089)

UMA SHANKAR(09108016086)

PROSENJITGOSWAMI(10108010089)