LAPTOP

A laptop (notebook) is a personal computer for mobile use. A laptop integrates most of

the typical components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing
device (a touchpad, also known as a trackpad, and/or a pointing stick) and speakers into a
single unit. A laptop is powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter, and can be used
away from an outlet using a rechargeable battery.

Portable computers, originally monochrome CRT-based and developing into the modern
laptop, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field
applications such as the military, accountants and sales representatives. As portable
computers became smaller, lighter, and cheaper and as screens became larger and of better
quality, laptops became very widely used for all sorts of purposes.

BY VINAY
SHUKLA
As the personal computer became feasible in the early 1970s, the idea
of a portable personal computer followed. A "personal, portable
information manipulator" was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC
 in 1968, and described in his 1972 paper as the "Dynabook".

The IBM 5100, the first commercially available portable computer,

appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.
As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of
portables increased rapidly. The Osborne 1, released in 1981, used the
Zilog Z80 and weighed 23.6 pounds (10.7 kg). It had no battery, a 5 in
(13 cm) CRT screen, and dual 5.25 in (13.3 cm) single-density floppy
drives. In the same year the first laptop-sized portable computer, the 
Epson HX-20, was announced. The Epson had a LCD screen, a
rechargeable battery, and a calculator-size printer in a 1.6 kg (3.5 lb)
chassis

BY VINAY SHUKLA
The first laptops using the flip form factor appeared in the early
1980s. The Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in 1981–
82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85. The
$8,150 ($18,540 in current dollar terms) GRiD Compass 1100,
released in 1982, was used at NASA and by the military among
others. The Gavilan SC, released in 1983, was the first computer
described as a "laptop" by its manufacturer From 1983 onward,
several new input techniques were developed and included in
laptops, including the touchpad (Gavilan SC, 1983), the 
pointing stick (IBM ThinkPad 700, 1992) and handwriting
recognition (Linus Write-Top, 1987)

On March 2011, Lenovo has built the world's first eye-cotrolled

laptop with using eye tracking technology from Tobii. A built-in
small infrared camera will track eye's positioning which make as
mouse do as select, point, scroll, etc. There are also games with
eye fully functioning.

BY VINAY SHUKLA
 ADVANTAGES
Portability is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops versus
desktop PCs. Portability means that a laptop can be used in many places—not only at home
and at the office, but also during commuting and flights, in coffee shops, in lecture halls
and libraries, at clients' location or at a meeting room, etc. The portability feature offers
several distinct advantages:

Productivity: Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC can not be used, and at times
that would otherwise be wasted. For example, an office worker managing their e-mails
during an hour-long commute by train, or a student doing his/her homework at the
university coffee shop during a break between lectures.

Low power consumption: Laptops are several times more power-efficient than desktops. A
typical laptop uses 20–90 W, compared to 100–800 W for desktops. This could be
particularly beneficial for businesses (which run hundreds of personal computers,
multiplying the potential savings) and homes where there is a computer running 24/7 (such
as a home media server, print server, etc.)

All-in-One: designed to be portable, laptops have everything integrated in to the chassis.

For desktops (excluding all-in-ones) this is divided into the desktop, keyboard, mouse,
display, and optional peripherals such as speakers.

BY VINAY SHUKLA
  DISADVANTAGE
Performance
Performance
While
While the
the performance
performance ofof mainstream
mainstream desktops
desktops and
and
laptops
laptops is
is comparable,
comparable, and
and the
the cost
cost of
of laptops
laptops has
has fallen
fallen more
more rapidly
rapidly than
than desktops,
desktops,
laptops
laptops remain
remain more
more expensive
expensive than
than desktop
desktop PCs
PCs at
at the
the same
same performance
performance level.
level.

Upgradeability
Upgradeability
Upgradeability
Upgradeability ofof laptops
laptops is
is very
very limited
limited compared
compared toto desktops,
desktops, which
which are
are thoroughly
thoroughly
standardized.
standardized. In
In general,
general, hard
hard drives
drives and
and memory
memory can
can be
be upgraded
upgraded easily.
easily. Optical
Optical drives
drives
and internal
and internal expansion
expansion cards
cards may
may be
be upgraded
upgraded if
if they
they follow
follow an industry
an industry standard,
standard, but
but all
all
other
other internal
internal components,
components, including
including the
the motherboard,
motherboard, CPU
CPU and
and graphics,
graphics, are
are not
not always
always
intended
intended to
to be
be upgradeable.
upgradeable.
Ergonomics
Ergonomics and
and health
health
Because
Because of
of their
their small
small and
and flat
flat keyboard
keyboard and
and trackpad
trackpad pointing
pointing devices,
devices, prolonged
prolonged
use
use of
of laptops
laptops can
can cause repetitive
cause repetitive strain
strain injury.
injury.
The
The integrated
integrated screen
screen often
often causes
causes users
users to
to hunch
hunch over
over for
for aa better
better view,
view,
which
which can
can cause
cause neck
neck or
or spinal
spinal injuries.
injuries.
Security
Security and
and privacy
privacy
Because
Because they
they are
are valuable,
valuable, common,
common, and
and portable,
portable, laptops
laptops are
are prized
prized targets
targets for 
for 
theft.
theft.
BY VINAY
Major
Major laptop
laptop brands
brands Dell
Dell
: Alienware, Inspiron, Latitude, Precision, Studio, Vostro and XPS.
: Alienware, Inspiron, Latitude, Precision, Studio, Vostro and XPS. Apple
Apple
: MacBook, MacBook
: MacBook, MacBook Air and MacBook
Air and MacBook Pro.
Pro. Acer
Acer
: TravelMate, Extensa, Ferrari and Aspire,Packard
: TravelMate, Extensa, Ferrari and Aspire,Packard Bell
Bell Easynote.
Easynote. HCL: ME
HCL: ME
Laptop, ME
Laptop, ME Netbook, Leaptop and MiLeap.
Netbook, Leaptop and MiLeap. Lenovo: ThinkPad, IdeaPad,
Lenovo: ThinkPad, IdeaPad,
and 3000
and 3000 series.
series. LG: Xnote.
LG: Xnote.
Medion:
Medion: Akoya.
Akoya.
Samsung: SENS:
Samsung: SENS: N, N, P,
P, Q,
Q, R
R and
and X
X series.
series.
Sony: Vaio.
Sony: Vaio. Toshiba
Toshiba
: Dynabook, Portege, Tecra, Satellite, Qosmio, Libretto.
: Dynabook, Portege, Tecra, Satellite, Qosmio, Libretto. Compaq—
Compaq—
HP/Compaq: HP
HP/Compaq: HP Pavilion, HP
Pavilion, HP Probook, Compaq
Probook, Compaq Presario.
Presario. Asus
Asus
: Asus
: Asus Eee, Lamborghini, ASUS
Eee, Lamborghini, ASUS G G Series(ROG).
Series(ROG).

THANK YOU

BY VINAY SHUKLA