Cell Division

Mitosis & Meiosis

Cell Division
What is it?
Why do
Cells do it?
Why is it
important to
me?
 Cell Division
Also known as Mitosis
Takes place in Regular
Body Cells
Keeps Cells Living
and Growing
Three reasons why cells reproduce
by asexual reproduction:

1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Replacement
Skin cancer - the abnormal growth of skin
cells - most often develops on skin exposed
to the sun.

Cell that reproduce by asexual

reproduction reproduce constantly.
Chromosomes duplicate
Phases of Mitosis
 Mitosis
The Basic Phases
of a Cell’s Life:
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis
 Interphase
The longest stage
of a Cell’s life
The time spent
between divisions
Produces all
materials required
for growth
Preparation for
division
Part of
Interphase is
also known as
the G1 Phase
of the Cell
Cycle

(Growth
Phase)
The Second
part of
Interphase is
known as the
S Phase of the
Cell Cycle
(Synthesis
Phase – when
DNA
duplicates)
The third part
of the Cell
Cycle, G2, is
just a
checkpoint to
make sure the
DNA is correct.
Next step –

Mitosis
 Mitosis:
Cell Division

The last part of

the Cell Cycle
is called
Mitosis and
has 4 phases
during which
the cell divides
into 2 cells
 Prophase
1st step in Mitosis
• Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)
• Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to
move to opposite end of the cell.
• Spindle fibers form between the poles.
Centrioles
Sister chromatids

Spindle fibers
 Metaphase
2nd step in Mitosis
• Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach
to the spindle fibers.

Centrioles

Spindle fibers
 Anaphase
3rd step in Mitosis
• Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes)
separate and begin to move to opposite ends of
the cell.

Centrioles

Spindle fibers
 Telophase
4th step in Mitosis
• Two new nuclei form.
• Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads
rather than rods).
• Mitosis ends.

Nuclei Nuclei

Chromatin
 Cytokinesis
occurs after mitosis

• Cell membrane moves inward to create two

daughter cells – each with its own nucleus
with identical chromosomes.
The two new cells – each exactly like the
other – are called Daughter Cells
Quick review
Interphase – The Cell spends the majority of its
life here, growing and functioning. During the S
Phase of the Cell Cycle, the DNA replicates, in
anticipation of Mitosis
The Importance of Mitosis
The need to heal!
The need to grow!
 Mitosis as a controlled process…
Different cells divide at different times and
rates.
Necessary to produce new cells – replace skin
cells
Usually controlled to suit the needs of the
organisms:
a. Stem of plant cut off, mitosis occur quickly to
produce new shoots.
b. Lizard loses its tail, remaining stump of tail
mitosis quickly to regenerate new tail.
 If Uncontrolled Mitosis…
Can give rise to diseases.
Ex is Leukemia – caused by mutation in the
stem cells of the bone marrow.
Bone marrow – produces more WBC, rate
higher than normal.
Also produces RBC, rate lower than normal.
Hence, patient suffers from insufficient O2 and
difficulty in blood clotting.
 Uncontrolled Mitosis…
Can also result in the formation of tumours.
Tumours remains at its original site – benign
tumour.
If spread to other parts of body, called
malignant tumour – cancer.
 Application of
mitosis in cloning
Plant Tissue Culture
 Tissue Culture
 Refers to technique of
growing plant cells, tissues,
organs, seeds
or other plant parts in a sterile
environment on a nutrient
medium
Animal Cloning
Advantages & Disadvantages of Cloning
Advantages
 Desirable characteristics can
be produced – agriculture.
 Overcome infertility
problem.
 Maturation time is shorter.
Disadvantages
 Disease spread more easily
through a plantation –
because all have identical
characteristics.
 No genetic variation among
clones.
 Risk of extinction.
 Shorter lifespan.
Meiosis

Why We Are Who We Are

 Meiosis
• The form of cell division by which gametes,
with half the number of chromosomes, are
produced.

• Diploid (2n) haploid (n)

• Meiosis is sexual reproduction.

• Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).

 Fertilization

• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.

• A zygote is a fertilized egg

sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote
52
Meiosis KM 53
 Interphase I
• Similar to mitosis interphase.

• Chromosomes replicate (S phase).

• Each duplicated chromosome consist of two

identical sister chromatids attached at their
centromeres.

• Centriole pairs also replicate.

 Meiosis I (four phases)
• Cell division that reduces the chromosome
number by one-half.

• four phases:
a. prophase I
b. metaphase I
c. anaphase I
d. telophase I
 Prophase I
• Longest and most complex phase (90%).

• Chromosomes condense.

• Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come

together to form a tetrad.

• Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister

and nonsister chromatids).
 Prophase I - Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids Tetrad

sister chromatids
 Homologous Chromosomes
• Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are
similar in shape and size.
• Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling
the same inherited traits.
• Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same
position on homologues.
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

a. 22 pairs of autosomes
b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes
Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.
Homologue

Homologue
21 trisomy – Downs
Syndrome

Can you see the

extra 21st
chromosome?

Is this person
male or female?
 Crossing Over - variation
nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site variation

of crossing over
 Sex Chromosomes

XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

 Prophase I

spindle fiber
centrioles

aster
fibers
 Metaphase I
• Shortest phase

• Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.

• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:

1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.
2. Variation
3. Formula: 2n
Example:2n = 4
then n = 2
thus 22 = 4 combinations
 Metaphase I

OR

metaphase plate metaphase plate

 Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosomes separate and
move towards the poles.

• Sister chromatids remain attached at their

centromeres.
Anaphase I
 Telophase I

• Each pole now has haploid set of

chromosomes.

• Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter

cells are formed.
Telophase I
 Meiosis II
• No interphase II
(or very short - no more DNA replication)

• Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

 Prophase II
• same as prophase in mitosis
 Metaphase II
• same as metaphase in mitosis

metaphase plate metaphase plate

 Anaphase II
• same as anaphase in mitosis
• sister chromatids separate
 Telophase II

• Same as telophase in mitosis.

• Nuclei form.
• Cytokinesis occurs.

• Remember: four haploid daughter cells

produced.

gametes = sperm or egg

Telophase II
 Variation
• Important to population as the raw
material for natural selection.

• Question:
What are the three sexual sources of
genetic variation?
 Answer:
1. crossing over (prophase I)

2. independent assortment (metaphase I)

3. random fertilization

Remember: variation is good!

 Question:

• A cell containing 40 chromatids at the

beginning of meiosis would, at its completion,
produce cells containing how many
chromosomes?
 Answer:
• 10 chromosomes
 Orderly movement of chromosomes
during mitosis & meiosis
Mitosis – chromosomes move to the cell
equator to ensure the daughter cells contain
exactly the same number of chromosomes as
the parent cell.
Meiosis – to ensure the daughter cells
(gametes) contain half the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell.
 Orderly movement of chromosomes
during mitosis & meiosis
Movement of chromosomes guided by spindle
threads.
Error in spindle threads connection –
formation of cells with an abnormal number of
chromosomes.
Some diseases in humans caused by such error
– Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and
Klinefelter’s syndrome.
Down’s syndrome – extra chromosome 21. This
means there are 47 chromosomes. Physically &
mentally retarded.
Turner’s syndrome – female has only one
chromosome X. No ovaries, sterile.
Klinefelter’s syndrome – male has an extra
chromosome X. Sterile male, small testes
END