CHAPTER VI

OPTICS AND
ELECTROMAGNETICS
WAVE
¤ REFLECTION OF LIGHT
¤ REFRACTION OF LIGHT
¤ OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
¤ ELECTROMAGNETICS WAVE
1. REFLECTION OF LIGHT
The laws of reflection (Snellius Laws):
incident rays, the reflection rays and the normal line are on
the one flat plane.
incident angle (i) = reflection angle (r)

N
i
i r

i
r
A. REFLECTON IN THE FLAT MIRROR

Exercise 1:
Look at the picture of the light strikes mirror I.
Find the reflection angle of the light on mirror II !

a) b)

600

I II
0
0
400 12

II I
Exercise 2:
1. A man of 180 cm tall, stand up in front of a flat mirror.
The distance of his eyes to the end of the head is 10 cm.
Find the minimum length of the mirror so the man can
see all of his images completely.
B. REFLECTION IN SPHERICAL /CURVATURE MIRRORS
1. Reflection in concave mirrors.
a. Special light principals of a concave mirror
To draw the images formation of a concave mirror, we can use special light principals as follows :
1. Light rays parallel to the principles axis will be reflected through the focus.
2. Light rays passing through the focus, will be reflected parallel to the principles axis.
3. Light rays arriving at the centre of the mirror will be reflected back in the direction from which
they came.

3
1

O F C
Prinsip menggambarkan pembentukan bayangan:
1. Gunakan minimal 2 sinar istimewa
2. sinar datang harus mengenai ujung atas benda
3. Letak bayangan diperpotongan langsung sinar-sinar
pantul (nyata) atau perpotongan perpanjangan ke
belakang sinar-sinar pantul (maya)
b. Image formation in Concave Mirrors
1. The object between O and F

C F O

The properties of the images are :Virtual, Upright, and Magnified (larger)
2. The object between F and C

C F O

The properties of images are :Real, inverted, and magnified (larger)

b. Larger than C

C F O
d. The object on C point

C F O
e. The object on F point

C F O
Kesimpulan:

Cermin cekung dapat menghasilkan 5 paket sifat

bayangan;
Paket I : Ketika benda terletak antara O – F
Paket II : Ketika benda terletak antara F – C
Paket III : Ketika benda terletak lebih jauh dari pada C
Paket IV: Ketika benda terletak tepat di C
Paket V : Ketika benda terletak tepat di F
B. Reflection in Convex Mirrors
a. Special Rays in Convex mirrors
To draw an image on a convex mirror we use special rays principles as
follows :
1). Rays directed parallel to the principle axis will reflect as it the rays
came from the focus point.
2). Rays directed through focus will reflect parallel to the principle axis.
3). Rays along a radius of the mirror will reflect back on it self.

F C

3
 F C

The properties of images are : Virtual, Upright, and

Diminished (Smaller)
THE SYSTEM NUMBER OF ROOM

3 C 2 F 1 O 4

4 O 1 F 2 C 3

ROOM NUMBER OF OBJECT + ROOM NUMBER OF IMAGE = 5

If R.N. Image > R.N. Object → the image is bigger

If R.N. Image < R.N. Object → the image is smaller
The Formula: 1 1 1 s'.f
  s
s f s' s'f
1 1 1
1.  
f s s'
1 1 1 s.f
  s' 
s' f s sf
s'.s
f 
s's

s'   M.s If the image are

virtual/upright/behind of mirror
s' h '
2. M  
s h
s'  M.s If image are real/inverted/front of
mirror
R = Radius f (+), R(+) → for concave mirror
f =1/2 R
f = Focus distance f (-), R(-) → for convex mirror

S = Object distance
s’(-) → if the image is virtual/ upright/behind the mirror
S’ = Image distance
s’(+)→if the image is real/ inverted/front of the mirror
h = Object height
h’= Image height
M = Image Magnification
Exercise 3:
1. The focus of a concave mirror 15 cm. Find the location of
the image, the magnify and image properties of an object
which is put in front of the mirror as follows :
a. 20 cm b. 10 cm c. 50cm
2. A concave mirror has a radius of 18 cm, what is the
distance of the object in front of the mirror if the
properties of the image :
a. Real and magnified 1/3 times
b. Virtual and magnified 3 times
3. A concave mirror has a focus 30 cm. Find the position of
object if the image that formed is upright at 10 cm from
the mirror.
4. Where should an object to be part in front of a concave
mirror with radius at 12 cm so the image will be magnified
2 times to the object
Exercise 4:

1. The focus of a convex mirror is 12 cm. An object of 3 cm tall is

placed 15 cm in front of the mirror.
Find :
a. Image position
b. The magnification
c. Image height

2. An object is placed 15 cm in front of a mirror. The mirror formed

virtual image and 1/5 times the size of the object. Find the
radius of the mirror.

3. A car mirror has a radius of 40 cm. Find the position of the

object if the image formed at 10 cm behind the mirror.
2. REFRACTION OF LIGHT

 The Refraction Laws of light (Snellius Laws);

1. When rays strike from a less dense medium to denser medium,

it will refracted a rays close to the normal line.
2. When the rays strike from denser medium to less dense
medium, it will refracted away from the normal line .
3. When the rays come perpendicular to the surface, it won’t
refracted
4. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the
angle of refraction is constant , and called index of
refraction.
 N

air i r’
i=0

i=0
water r’ i

1 2 3
 A. Index of Refraction
1. The absolute index of refraction
“ the ratio between light speed in the vacuum (c) and the
speed of light in that medium (v)”

c
n
v
n=The absolute Index of refraction of medium
v= Speed of light in medium
c= Speed of light in vacuum/air = 3 x 108 m/s
v1
λ1 n1
2. The relative Index of refraction i

n 2 v1 1 Sin (i) r n2
n 21    
n1 v 2  2 Sin (r )
v2
λ2
• n21 = The relative Index of refraction from the medium 2 to medium 1
• n1, n2 = The absolute Index of refraction of medium 1, medium 2
• λ1 , λ2= The wave length of light in medium 1, medium 2 (m)
• v1, v2 = Speed of light in medium 1, medium 2 (m/s)

Problems:
1. If the absolute index of refraction of air, water , glass and diamond each is 1,
4/3, 3/2 and 5/2. Find :
a. The relative index of refraction from water to glass
b. The relative index of refraction from diamond to glass.
c. Speed of light in water, glass and diamond (c = 3 x 108m/s)
d. The wave length green light in water, glass and diamond (if the wave length
green light in air is 5000Ao)
e. The green light frequency
f. If a light ray enters from air into water at an angle 45 o. Find an angle of
refraction in water.
2. A path of yellow rays with a wave length of 550 nm strikes into water ( n water= 4/3 ).

Find: a. The speed of the light in water.

b. The wave length and frequency of the light in water
Total internal Refraction
The conditions to Total internal Refraction are ;
1. The rays should come from a denser medium (higher
refractive index) to less dense medium (lower refractive
index ).
2. The angle of incident is bigger then the critical angle (ic)

Less dense
medium ( n2 )
r= 90

ic
Denser medium
( n1 ) Total light refraction

Lamp
• The critical angle/sudut batas ( ic ): The incidence angle to produce the refraction
angle of 90o.
• Based on Snellius Law the critical angle can be found:

n1 sin i  n 2 sin r
n1 sin i c  n 2 sin 90 o
n2
sin i c 
n1
1 
n2 
i c  sin   n 2 < n1
 n1 
n1 : The refraction index of medium 1
n2 : The refraction index of medium 2
ic : The critical angle
1. If the absolute index of refraction of water and glass are 4/3 and 3/2
respectively. Find the critical angle of water and glass.

2. Will the perfect reflection happen if light come from water to air with
incident angle:
a. 35o
b. 60o
 Refraction on a Parallel shift
(Dua bidang batas sejajar )
Planparallel glass
i

t
t = the displacement of light
d = the thickness of planparallel glass
d Sin (i – r)
i = angle of incident t =
Cos r
r = angle of refraction
Example problems:

1. Rays enter the glass parallel with incident angle of 600. If the glass thickness
2 cm and refraction index of glass 3/2, count the displacement rays?
REFRACTION ON A SPHERICAL MEDIUM
The position of the image formed
by refraction on a plane with two
different refractive medium can be
found with the formula:

n1 n2 n2  n1
 
S S' R
 EXERCISE 2.
1. A ball aquarium with a radius of 50 cm filled with water ( nwater=
4/3 ). A gold fish is on 40 cm in front of the aquarium wall. Alex
is 30 cm out side of the aquarium wall.
Find:
a. the distance image of the fish from the aquarium wall seen by
Alex.
b. the distance image from the aquarium wall of Alex seen by
fish.
c. the distance of the fish from Alex seen by Alex.
2.There is an object D at the bottom of the pot shown in the figure.
An observer looks in the direction of the normal. How far away
does the observer see the object ( n water= 4/3 ).

1m
D
 Jika medium tempat benda indeks biasnya lebih besar
dibandingkan medium tempat pengamat, maka benda
seolah-olah lebih dekat, dan sebaliknya

Seekor burung terbang 1 m diatas permukaan air ,

diamati oleh orang yang menyelam dalam air
 LENSES
The definition : a transparent material which is limited by spherical surfaces or
spherical and plane surfaces.

The kind of lenses: converging lenses (+ ) and diverging lenses ( - )

F(real) ( + )

F(virtual)( - )

The Properties of covex lenses : The Properties of concave lenses :

1.To converge rays • To diverge rays
2.The focus of the lenses is real ( + ) • The focus the lenses is virtual ( - )
3. On the centre part is thicker • On the centre part is thinner
 PRINCIPAL RAYS FOR LENSES
a. Pricipal rays for Converging Lenses
1
2

2.F2 F2 O F1 2.F1

3
NOTE :
1. Rays parallel to the principal axis pass trough the principal focus after trough
the lens.
2. Rays coming from the principal focus emerge parallel to the principal axis after
refraction trough the lens.
3. Rays passing trough the optical center are not deviated.
(+)
b. Principal Rays for Diverging Lenses

2F1 F1 F2 2F1

2 NOTE :
• Rays parallel to the principal axis are refracted and the
extension of the refracted rays passes trough the focus.
• If rays are incident on the lens in such a way that their
extension pass trough the focus, they are refracted parallel
to the principal ( optical ) axis.
• Rays passing trough the optical center are not deviated.
THE LENSE FORMULA
NOTES :

1 1 1 f (+) for convex lens, f(-) for concave lens

1.   R ( + ) for the convex surface
f S S' R (-) for the concave surface
R ( ~ ) for the flat surface
1  nL  1 1 
   1   nm : the refractive index of the medium
2. surrounding area of the lens
f  nm  R 1 R 2  nL : the refractive index of the lens materials.
R : the radius of the spherical surface of the lens

s' h ' s’(-) if the image is virtual/ upright/front of the

3. M  
s h lens

s’(+) if the image is real/ inverted/behind the lens

R1: (+) R1: ( + ) R1: ( + )
100 1 P=
4. P 
f ( cm) f ( m ) R2: ~
R2: ( + ) R2: ( - )
Lensa konkaf konveks, jari-jari permukaan cembungnya 10
cm dan permukaan cekungnya 20 cm, indeks bias lensa
1,5. Sebuah benda setinggi 5 cm diletakkan sejauh 10 cm
di depan lensa. Hitung:
a. jarak bayangan ke lensa
b. tinggi bayangan
c. sifat-sifat bayangan
d. kekuatan lensa jika dimasukkan ke dalam air (n= 4/3)
 EXERCISE 3:
1. A biconvex Lens ( n = 3/2 ) has same surface radius of 10 cm.
Find : a. Lens focus length in air.
b. Lens focus length in water (n water = 4/3 ).
2. A Concave Convex ( n: 1,5 ) has concave radius of 20 cm
and convex radius of 30 cm.
Find : a. Lens focus length in air
b. Lens focus length in sulphuric acid ( n = 1,8 )
c. what kind of lens from (b)
3. A biconvex lens ( n = 3/2 ) in a liquids has a focus of 50 cm
and 10 cm in the air. If the radius of the surface is the same,
R.
Find : a. the radius of the spherical surface.
b. the refractive Index of the liquids.

4. A Plan Concave (n = 3/2 ) has a curvature radius of 30 cm .

Find : a. the focus length in air.
b. the focus length in water. (n water = 4/3 )
Object room number and Image room number
CONVEX Lenses

IV
III II I
1
4 1 2
1 3
1

CONCAVE Lenses

IV
I II III
3
1 1
2 1 4
1

NOTE :
*) I, II, III, IV : OBJECT ROOM number
*) 1, 2, 3, 4 : IMAGE ROOM number
*) Object room Number + image room number = 5
EXERCISE 5. Draw the image formation of an object asin the figure below.

5
EXERCISE 6.
1) An object is 5 cm in front of a lens. The image is 10 cm in front of a
lens. Find the focus lens and kind of the lens.
2) A magnified and inverted image is located at distance of 30 cm from
convex lens with a focus of 10 cm.
Find : a. the object distance.
b. image magnification
3) An object high of 12 cm is placed
at distance of 30 cm from concave lens which has a focus 20 cm.
Find : a. the image distance
b. the image high.
4) An object is in front of a lens, will form an image which is upright.
If a focus lens 24 cm.
Find : a. the distance object and image if image magnification is 0,5 X
b. the distance object and image if image magnification is 4 X
 III. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
1. EYE
*Seeing processes : The optical axis of the lens is directed to the object
seen (third), the image made up by the lens is in the second region real, will
be smaller, inverted and exactly in the yellow spot of the retina.
*The lens of the eye is a convex lens (positive).
*Maximum Accommodation: the conditions of the eye lens becomes
spherical (the focus = small), the eyes can see the shortest distance ( near
point = punctum procximum = PP, for an adult = 25 cm ).
*Minimum Accommodation : the conditions of the eye lens becomes
less spherical the eyes is relax, seeing the far point ( punctum remotum :
PR ), the focus is bigger ).
 The Sight Range For Normal eye and Eye Defect

• Normal Eye 25 cm ∞
PP PR

• Myopic Eye PP PR

(Young Eye / near sighted)

• Old Eye PP PR
(Presbiopic)

• Hyperopic Eye PP PR
(far sighted)
2. Spectacles / Glasses
To make a better sight, glasses are needed. The Power of
the glasses can be found with the formula below;
A. For the myopic/near sight (need the negative lens
glasses)
• If he wants to have the range sight at certain far point (x)
1
P  we count focus (f) from the
f (m) formula:
1  1  1
f s s’
Where:
S= x (the far point after using a glasses)
S’= -PR (the far point before using a glasses)
 • If he wants to have a sight range likes the normal eye

-1 -100
P  or P 
PR (m) PR (cm)

B. The hyperopic/far sight (need the positive lens glasses)

• If he wants to have a sight range at a certain near point (x)

1 we count focus (f) from the
P  formula:
f (m) 1 1 1
 
f s s’
Where:
S= x (the near point after using a glasses)
S’= -PP (the near point before using a glasses)
 • If he wants to have the range sight likes the normal eye

1 100
P  4 P  4
PP.(cm) PP.(cm)
C. The Old Eye/near and far sight (need the
double lenses = the positive and negative
lens glasses)
EXERCISE 7.
1. Ani has a 2D minus glasses. What is Anis’s farthest distance
without glasses ?
2. The Joyo grandpa when read the news paper, the paper
should be placed 50 cm in front of the his eyes. What is the
kind and the size of the glasses to help him so he can read the
news paper as a common people (the Joyo grandpa ).
3. Magnifying Glass/Loupe
1. Consist of 1 positive (+)lens/Converging lens.
2. The object placed in region I (O - F)
3. The image in region IV are virtual, upright, and
magnified/larger.
The conditions of the eyes when using optical
instruments .
1. Maximum Accommodation, so:
Location of objects : S = range O - F
Location of image : S’= - PP = -Sn = - 25 cm

PP
M = +1
f
2. Minimum Accommodation ; so
Location of objects :S = f
Location of image :S’ = ~

PP
M =
f

3. Accommodated on a certain distance (X);

Location of objects :S = range O - F
Location of image :S’= - X

PP PP
M= +
f X
The rays diagram on Magnifier glass.
a. Max Accommodation
S’ = -PP

h’ (+)

2 F2 F2 F1 2 F1
S
b. Accommodation on the distance X

S’ = - X

h’ (+)

2 F2 F2 F1 2 F1
S
c. Min Accommodation

S’ =~

F1 2 F1

2 F2 F2
S
 EXERCISE 1.
1. A magnifier glass has the power of 25 D used by people of
normal eyes Find the angular magnification if the eyes see the
object;
a. a min accommodation (tanpa akomodasi )
b. accommodation on the distance of 1 m. (berakomodasi pada
jarak 1 m).
c. max accommodation (berakomodasi max).
d. Accommodation on the distance of 1 m but the distance
the eye to magnifier glass is 10 cm.
1. A Magnifier glass has a lens with a power of 20 D. An
observer with a near point of 30 cm use the loop. Find the
object distance and the magnification of the if :
a. Max. accommodation.
b. Accommodation on the distance of 20 cm. c.
Min accommodation
4. Microscope
Microscope is an optical instrument to help the eyes to
see small object in order to see bigger and clear
 The device consists of 2 positive lenses as fallows :
 Objective Lens : close to object .
 Ocular Lens/Eyepiece Lens : close to eyes, this
lens has the same function as magnifier glass.
 fob < foc
 The image that formed by objective lens is: real,
inverted, and larger
 The final image that formed by ocular lens is: virtual,
inverted, and larger
The ray diagram of Microscope

a.Min Accommodation
Ob. L.(+) Oc. L. ( + )

Sok

F ok

Fok
Sob

S’ob

d
b. Max Accommodation
d
Ob. L ( + ) Oc. L. ( + )
Sob S’ob
Sok
Fob Fok Fok

S’ok= -PP
Microscope Magnification
Mtotal = Mob x Mok
S’ ob
Where: Mob = S ob

and than, Mok depends conditions of the eyes when

using the microscope; .
1. For Maximum Accommodation:
Location of the final image: Sok’= - PP =-Sn = - 25 cm

PP
Mok= +1 obtain d = s’ob + sok
fok
2. For Minimum Accommodation
Location of the objects for ocular lens :Sok = fok
Location of the final image :Sok’ = ~

PP
Mok =
fok
obtain d = s’ob + fok

3. For Accommodation at certain distance (X);

Location of the final image :Sok’= - X

PP PP
Mok =
fok
+ obtain d = s’ob + sok
X

d = the microscope length(the distance of the objective lens to the ocular

lens)
 Exercise 2 .
1. A microscope has an objective and eyepiece lens earli of which have a
focus of 3 cm and 5 cm in front 0f the objective lens with min accomodation.
If the distance between the two lenses is 14 cm. Find :
a. the magnification, of the objective lens.
b. the magnification of the eyepiece
c. the total magnification

2. A microscope has an objective and eyepiece each of which has focus of 4/3
cm and 2,5 cm. The distance between objective and eyepiece lens is 69/11
cm. Find the total magnification ( max accommodation).

3. A microscope has an objective and eyepiece lens each of which has a

power of 13 1/3 D and 412/3 D and the length of microscope is 23 cm. Find
the magnification of the microscope to max accommodation and min
accommodation.
5. TELESCOPE / BINOCULARS
Telescope is an optical instruments used to see a object infinitely in order
to visible near and clear usually the sight of distant object is done in a long
period of fine, so it is done by minimum accommodation .

1. Refractive telescope / Binoculars stars.

Refractive telescope is used to watch the stars.

•This instruments consists of two convex lens ( + ).

Objective Lens : is the lens close to object.
The eye piece (ocular lens ) : is close to eyes
•The object : is infinitively. ( Sob= ~ )
•The image : is in the focus of the objective lens ( S’ob = fob )
• fob > fok
•The properties of the final image are : - virtual
- larger
- inverted
The ray diagram of Binoculars stars
a. Max Accommodation (s’ok= - PP)
L. Obyektive(+) L. Okuler ( + )

Fok Fob
Fok

S’ob= fob Sok

S’ok

The magnification; The telescope length :

f ob d = f ob + S ok
M=
S ok
 b. Min Accommodation (sok = fok)
L. Obyektive(+) L. Ocular ( + )
Fob
F ok

Fok

S’ob= fob Sok= fok

d

The magnification; The telescope length :

f ob
M = d = f ob + f ok
f ok
2. Binoculars earth / Ground telescopes
• Consists of 3 lenses ( + ) : objective lense, thin lense and eyepiece lense.
• The function of the thin lense is to reverse the object on the eyepiece lense.
 The conditions of the eyes to use Binocular earth:
a. Maximum Accommodation (s’ok = -PP)

OB (+) OK (+)
I (+)
F ob,
2FP F ok

Fok 2FP

S’ob sok
4 fp
f ob
M =
s ok
d = f ob + 4 f P + s ok
b. Minimum Accommodation (sok = fok)

OK ( + )
OB ( + )

F ob,
FP F ok

F ok ,
FP

Inverter

f ob
M = d( =+ f) ob + 4 f P + f ok
f ok
EXERCISE 3
1. A telescope has an objective lens with the power of 25/18 D and
eyepiece lens of 25 D. The telescope is used for watch an object in the
sky.
Find the length and the magnification of the telescope if :
a. The eye is relaxed
b. Max accommodation.

2. A telescope when the eye is relaxed has a magnifikation of 50 x . If the

eyespiece lens has a focus of 50 mm.
Find the length of the telescope if :
a. The eye is relaxed
b. Max accommodation.
 Gallilean binoculars
• Consists of one convex lens as an objective lense one concave lense
( + ) as an eye piece lens ( - ).
• The objective lens ( + ) :
– The object is at infinitive (S= )
– The image is at the focus point ( S’ = fouler )
• The eye piece lens ( - ) :
– Min accommodation.....
» the object is at focus ( Sok= fok )
» The image is at far point ( Sok = )
– Max accommodation ....
» the object is at the first region
» the image is at the near point ( S’ok = 25 cm )
• The final properties of the image are :
– Virtual
– inverted
– larger
 fok foby

The magnification Gallilean bioculars

Fobj
M ak max 
S okular
 Exercise 4.
1. A binocular has an objective lense, thin lense and eye piece lense
each of them has focus of 20 cm and 50 cm. The device is used
to watch a distant object with the eye relaxed .
Find : a. The length of the ground telescope
b. The angular magnification of the telescope.
2. A Gallilean binocular consists of objective lense with a focus 21
cm and eye piece concave lense with a focus of 6 cm.
Find : a. The length of the binocular
b. The magnification telescope.
3. After the docter checked his eyes, Agus advise to change his
glass from – 2 D to 2,5 D. What is the shiff of the far point of his
eyes ?