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By:
Pawandeep Kaur (Roll No. 12106,
Telecom & IT)
Gurmohan Gill (Roll No. 12127,
Infrastructure Management)

 
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v efinition
Ł Optical networks are high-capacity
telecommunications networks based on optical
technologies and components that provide
routing, grooming, and restoration at the
wavelength level as well as wavelength-based
services.
Ł Optical networks provide higher capacity and
reduced costs for new applications such as the
Internet, video and multimedia interaction, and
advanced digital services.
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v Telecommunication networks have evolved during a
century-long history of technological advances and
social changes.
v The networks that once provided basic telephone
service through a friendly local operator are now
transmitting the equivalent of thousands of
encyclopedias per second.
v Throughout this history, the digital network has
evolved in three fundamental stages:
Ł asynchronous,
Ł synchronous, and
Ł optical.
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v The first digital networks were asynchronous
networks.
v In asynchronous networks, each network
element's internal clock source timed its
transmitted signal. Because each clock had a
certain amount of variation, signals arriving and
transmitting could have a large variation in
timing, which often resulted in bit errors.
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v The need for optical standards led to the
creation of the synchronous optical network
(SONET).
v SONET standardized line rates, coding schemes,
bit-rate hierarchies, and operations and
maintenance functionality.
v SONET also defined the types of network
elements required, network architectures that
vendors could implement, and the functionality
that each node must perform.
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v The one aspect of SONET that has allowed it to survive during a
time of tremendous changes in network capacity needs is its
scalability.
v
owever, as higher bit rates are used, physical limitations in the
laser sources and optical fiber begin to make the practice of
endlessly increasing the bit rate on each signal an impractical
solution.
v dditionally, connection to the networks through access rings has
also had increased requirements. Customers are demanding more
services and options, and are carrying more and different types of
data traffic.
v To provide full end-to-end connectivity, Optical networks emerged
that offered the required bandwidth and flexibility to enable end-to-
end wavelength services.
v Optical networks began with wavelength division multiplexing
(W M), which arose to provide additional capacity on existing
fibers.
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v Many factors are driving the need for optical
networks such as:
Ł è
   - W M provided many "virtual"
fibers on a single physical fiber. By transmitting each
signal at a different frequency, network providers
could send many signals on one fiber just as though
they were each traveling on their own fiber.
Ł
  
   For a W M system with
many channels on a single fiber, a fiber cut would
initiate multiple failures, causing many independent
systems to fail. By performing restoration in the
optical layer, optical networks can perform protection
switching faster and more economically.

 
Ł
  - Optical network provides
tremendous cost savings in equipment and
network management.
Ł     - One of the great
revenue-producing aspects of optical networks is
the ability to resell bandwidth rather than fiber.
By maximizing capacity available on a fiber,
service providers can improve revenue by selling
wavelengths, regardless of the data rate required.
To customers, this service provides the same
bandwidth as a dedicated fiber.
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v Optic fibers are the most preferred technology for capacity
enhancements in India due to following reasons:
1. Light propagates with little attenuation, which implies that
repeaters/regenerators can be put further apart in each link.
Besides these signals do not suffer from electrical disturbances
unlike copper or radio/microwave medium.
2. Each wave of light/infrared carries much more information than
traditional radio and microwave frequencies. Typical channel
capacity is 10Gbps which can go up to 40Gbps or even 100Gbps.
3. Multiple channels/waves can be carried over the same fiber.
Systems with 80 waves per fiber are common and we¶re beginning
to see equipment supporting 320 waves in the market. Thus an 80
wave, 10Gbps per channel system can send up to 800Gbps of data
through a single optical fiber. On top of that, there can be multiple
cores or fibres within a single optic fiber cable.

 
v India has a total of about 670,000 route-km of optical
fiber laid throughout the country by major telecom
operators like BSNL, irtel, Reliance and Railtel.
v nd this process continues as more fiber is laid to add
more and more capacity and to expand the telecom
revolution to rural India.
v Typically once an optical fiber is laid, the telecom
operator chooses a combination of three technologies to
carry voice and data traffic over the optical fiber.
1. The first one is W M ( ense Wave ivision
Multiplexing). W M technology enables multiple
channels (or waves) to be carried over the same fiber.

 
2. The second technology is S
(Synchronous
igital
ierarchy). S
is optimised for
carrying voice traffic. Each S
link would use
one channel from W M, and hence a
combination of W M and S
can support
up to 80 links of S
between any two points.
3. The third technology is Ethernet. Ethernet is a
packet switching technology that was
developed for LN environments and is
naturally suitable for carrying data traffic.
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v India's powerful Reliance group has quadrupled to over 500 the
number of cities and towns to be linked by the broadbank network
it's laying.
v Reliance Infocom is in the process of setting up a 60,000 km
(36,000 mile) fibre optic cable network covering more than 500
cities.
v Originally Reliance Infocom, the umbrella company for the group's
expansion into telecoms and information technology, planned to
spend 150 billion rupees ($3.07 billion) on a project to connect 115
cities via fibre optic cable. Reliance last year increased the
investment amount to 250 billion rupees, and said it planned to
offer the entire range of telecom services.
v Reliance plans to offer local phone service, limited mobility service
called wireless in loop, domestic and international long-distance,
and data services.