Professional Documents
Culture Documents
= !"
þ To provide the best possible information about
the science of Earthquake and Tsunami
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Gires
Gloods
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þ On geologic terms, á is one of the very large pieces of rock
that form the earth¶s surface and move slowly.
is he place where two lithosphere plates come together, one
riding over the other. Most volcanoes on land occur parallel to
and inland from the boundary between the two plates.
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is a measure of the strength of an
earthquake, as determined by seismographic
observations.
is a measure of the effects of an earthquake at
a particular place on humans, structures and (or) the
land itself.
The intensity at a point depends not only upon the
strength of the earthquake (magnitude) but also upon
the distance from the earthquake to the point and the
local geology.
Earthquakes
Types of seismic waves
1. Body waves -- travel through interior
2. Surface waves -- travel on surface of earth
Surface Waves
Cause vertical & horizontal shaking
Travel exclusively along surface of earth
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First, distance to earthquake is determined.
Use travel time curve to determine distance to earthquake as function o f P-S time
delay
Now we know distance waves traveled, but we don't know the direction from
which they came.
We must repeat the activity for each of at least three (3) stations to
triangulate a point (epicenter of quake).
Plot a circle around seismograph location; radius of circle is the distance to the
quake.
Do the same thing for at least 3 seismograph stations; circles intersect at epicenter.
Thus, point is triangulated and epicenter is located.
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Waves are the undulatory motion of a
water surface.
There are three types of waves defined by water
depth:
þ Deep-water wave
þ Ontermediate-water wave
þ Shallow-water wave
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Ondia subducts beneath Burma
microplate
at about 50 mm/yr
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&ëmount of vertical sea floor
deformation is the main factor, which determines the initial
size of a tsunami. This is controlled by the earthquake's
magnitude, depth, fault characteristics and coincident
slumping of sediments or secondary faulting.
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& ïther features which
influence the size of a tsunami along the coast are the
shoreline and bathymetric configuration, the velocity of the
sea floor deformation, the water depth near the earthquake
source, and the efficiency which energy is transferred from
the earth's crust to the water column.
ÿ
G Energy reflection back
G Edge waves
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³ës the tsunami enters the shoaling water near the
coast, its velocity decreases and its height
increases. Ot is in these shallow waters that
tsunamis become a threat to life and property, for
they can crest to heights of more than 30-50
meters and strike with devastating force.
>
ën Example
þ Tsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004
þ How long to get to Thailand?
Distance ~500 km
Water Depth ~1500 m
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@ ±.8 *1500 120 430
u
T= 500/430=1.1 hr
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ën Example
þ Tsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004
þ How high is the wave?
2
£ 1 @ 2 2
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£ 2 @ 1 1
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£ 1 0.6 2 2
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£ 2 £ 2 1
±.8 *10
£ 2 .6O
±.8 * 4000
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Earthquake generated Tsunami
wave propagation modeling using
Mike 21
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MO E Zero is the common name of DHO's fully Windows integrated graphical user
interface for setting up simulations, pre- and post-processing analysis, presentation
and visualisation within a project oriented environment.
± 1 Dimensional
$ MO E 11
± 2 Dimensional
$ MO E 21
± 3 Dimensional
$ MO E SHE
$ MO E 3
OE 21 is a professional engineering software package for 2D free surface flows, developed by
Danish Hydraulic Onstitute (DHO).
Ots comes in modular form with four main application areas such as:
$The hydrodynamic (HD) module is the basic module in the OE 21 low odel.
$The OE 21 HD odule simulates the water level variations and flows in response
to a variety of forcing functions in lakes, estuaries, bays coastal areas and seas.
$
$
Water Surface level.
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Water level / low agnitude.
low direction.
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Train and tracks destroyed, SW coast of Sri Lanka
Tsunamis͙..
þ ëre uncontrollable phenomenon
þ Causes extensive loss of life
þ Damage property
þ Public warning systems provide some
measures of protection.
Thank You