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þ To provide the best possible information about
the science of Earthquake and Tsunami

þ To develop the tsunami wave propagation


model

þ To learn how the science can help us to


prepare for primary and secondary prevention
consequences of Tsunamis
|  |   ˜
G á  
GGround shaking and surface rupture
GLandslides
GTsunami

G ˜  
GŒires
GŒloods
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þ On geologic terms, á  is one of the very large pieces of rock
that form the earth¶s surface and move slowly. 


is he place where two lithosphere plates come together, one
riding over the other. Most volcanoes on land occur parallel to
and inland from the boundary between the two plates.

þ ïne of the many tectonic plates that make up Earth¶s outer


shell descends, or ³subducts,´ under an adjacent plate. This
kind of boundary between plates is called a ³subduction zone.´

þ When the plates move suddenly in an area where they are


usually u , an earthquake happens.
% ||&

jelative plate rate about 50


mm/yr

Fault interface is locked

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Fault interface slips, overriding


plate rebounds, releasing
accumulated motion

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Fault slipped ~ 10 m = 10000 mm / 50 mm/yr

10000 mm / 50 mm/yr = 200 yr


Longer if some slip is aseismic
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  is a measure of the strength of an
earthquake, as determined by seismographic
observations.



 is a measure of the effects of an earthquake at
a particular place on humans, structures and (or) the
land itself.
The intensity at a point depends not only upon the
strength of the earthquake (magnitude) but also upon
the distance from the earthquake to the point and the
local geology.
Earthquakes
Types of seismic waves
1. Body waves -- travel through interior
2. Surface waves -- travel on surface of earth

Specific Body Waves

Primary or "P" Waves:


Primary waves Highest velocity Causes compression and expansion in direction of wave
travel.

Secondary or "S" Waves:


Secondary or shear waves Slower than P waves but faster than surface waves.

Surface Waves
Cause vertical & horizontal shaking
Travel exclusively along surface of earth
á   
á 

 
  


 á 
ÿ

 
+
  
First, distance to earthquake is determined.

From seismograph record called the u u


 , measure time delay between P &
S wave arrival

Use travel time curve to determine distance to earthquake as function o f P-S time
delay

Now we know distance waves traveled, but we don't know the direction from
which they came.

We must repeat the activity for each of at least three (3) stations to
triangulate a point (epicenter of quake).

Plot a circle around seismograph location; radius of circle is the distance to the
quake.

Quake occurred somewhere along that circle.

Do the same thing for at least 3 seismograph stations; circles intersect at epicenter.
Thus, point is triangulated and epicenter is located.
T 
T T 


T        
ÿ


 +
  
Waves are the undulatory motion of a
water surface.
 

There are three types of waves defined by water
depth:

þ Deep-water wave

þ Ontermediate-water wave

þ Shallow-water wave
` 
    
$

   

Õ Õ
Õ

  
Õ Õ Õ


Õ

þ Tsunamis are caused by events


that drastically and suddenly
shift a large volume of water.
˜
 |
| |  
 ||˜| 
˜á | 
˜á| ˜ 
wavelength and speed reduced ʹ
Long wavelength and period, high height increased
speed

Wave steepens as shore is approached


Tsunami-generating EQs and sources

! 

 
  
  
 

  
Ondia subducts beneath Burma
microplate
at about 50 mm/yr

Earthquakes occur at plate


interface along the Sumatra arc
(Sunda trench)

These are the destructive


results of many years of
accumulated plate motion
T
 
ÿ

+  + ,+ 


  
 
 

G 
  ,+  
&ëmount of vertical sea floor
deformation is the main factor, which determines the initial
size of a tsunami. This is controlled by the earthquake's
magnitude, depth, fault characteristics and coincident
slumping of sediments or secondary faulting.

G ,+  
 
 & ïther features which
influence the size of a tsunami along the coast are the
shoreline and bathymetric configuration, the velocity of the
sea floor deformation, the water depth near the earthquake
source, and the efficiency which energy is transferred from
the earth's crust to the water column.
ÿ 
 



G Energy reflection back
G Edge waves
  
   $
³ës the tsunami enters the shoaling water near the
coast, its velocity decreases and its height
increases. Ot is in these shallow waters that
tsunamis become a threat to life and property, for
they can crest to heights of more than 30-50
meters and strike with devastating force.

Tsunamis are among the most terrifying natural


hazards known to man. They have been
responsible for tremendous loss of life and
property throughout history.´
ën Example
þ Tsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004
þ How long does it take to get to Sri Lanka?
Distance ~2000 km
Water Depth ~4000 m
O O
@    ±.8 * 4000  1±8  13
u 
T= 2000/713=2.2 hr

>
ën Example
þ Tsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004
þ How long to get to Thailand?
Distance ~500 km
Water Depth ~1500 m
O O
@    ±.8 *1500  120  430
u 
T= 500/430=1.1 hr

>
ën Example
þ Tsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004
þ How high is the wave?
2
£ 1 @ 2 2
2
 
£  2 @ 1 1
2
2
£ 1 0.6 2 2
2
 2
  1
£ 2 £ 2 1
±.8 *10
  £  2  .6O
±.8 * 4000

>
1

 ëë
Earthquake generated Tsunami
wave propagation modeling using
Mike 21
£  £  

MO E Zero is the common name of DHO's fully Windows integrated graphical user
interface for setting up simulations, pre- and post-processing analysis, presentation
and visualisation within a project oriented environment.

± 1 Dimensional
$ MO E 11

± 2 Dimensional
$ MO E 21

± 3 Dimensional
$ MO E SHE
$ MO E 3
—     
—OE 21 is a professional engineering software package for 2D free surface flows, developed by
Danish Hydraulic Onstitute (DHO).
Ots comes in modular form with four main application areas such as:

1. Coastal hydraulics and ceanography.


2. Waves.
3. Sediment processes
4. Environmental hydraulics.

—       


     
     
  ! ! 
 "! ! 
#   $   
% &   
' — (  
) !  !*
+    ( 
, "- ! 
'|-./£ÿ(-.£  
 )

$The hydrodynamic (HD) module is the basic module in the —OE 21 Œlow —odel.

$The —OE 21 HD —odule simulates the water level variations and flows in response
to a variety of forcing functions in lakes, estuaries, bays coastal areas and seas.

$—OE 21 HD solves the vertically integrated, fully dynamic equations of continuity


and conservation of momentum in two horizontal directions, using implicit finite
difference methods.

$ Ot includes a wide range of hydraulics phenomena in the simulations. Can be used


for any 2D free-surface flow in which stratification can be neglected.
 

$   

$ 
Water Surface level.

$  
Water level / Œlow —agnitude.
Œlow direction.

$     

Wind Speed & Direction.


Source / Sink discharge.
—agnitude & Speed.

$ |



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Train and tracks destroyed, SW coast of Sri Lanka

Geist, Titov and Synolakis, Tsunami: Wave of Change, 


 
, January, 2006.
Conclusion

Tsunamis͙..
þ ëre uncontrollable phenomenon
þ Causes extensive loss of life
þ Damage property
þ Public warning systems provide some
measures of protection.
Thank You

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