Electronic System Design

&
Modeling

Unit I
Mrs. P. A. Kulkarni
Analysis of Electronic Systems

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 Systems Engineering
 The systematic development of electronic instruments
from the requirements stage to the final product stage
is called as ‘Systems Engineering’.
 Systems engineering is an approach, an attitude, & a
loose set of methods for solving complex problems.
 Provides a framework to develop a product from
concept, through design & test, to delivery &
documentation, at the lowest cost.
 Strives for a global perspective of the problem.
 Does not ensure an optimal solution.
 Characteristic:
Compromise & trade-off – Excellence & efficiency
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Aspects of System
Engineering
Concep Verificatio
t n

Requiremen Installation
ts

Design Maintenance &

Developme Support
nt

Test Dispos
al
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 The Systems Perspective:
Constraints
 Functionality: Does the product fulfill the need?
 Cost: Is the cost as low as possible?
 Safety: Is the product safe enough?
 Reliability: How long will it function?
 Maintainability: How easy is it to fix?
 Utility: How easy & obvious is it to use?
 Time: How long will it take to develop & produce?

Constraints force you to measure both the progress of

development & the conformance to requirements.

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Life Cycle of a
Product
 Start-up
 Acquisition
 Software
 Documentation
 Production
 Operations
 Training
 Maintenance & Repair
 Inventory
 Legal
 Disposal

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 Documentation

 Documentation is central to good engineering.

 Concise, clear, simple & complete.
 Include only the necessary; Avoid the extraneous.
 Tailored to the need.
 Records progress during development.
 Establishes legal liability of a product & its company
ownership.

“A well-prepared manual will enhance the customer’s

perception that yours is a quality product - & perhaps
provide the important differentiation that makes your
company successful.”
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 Concept Development
 Problem Definition
1. Customer Objectives
2. User Needs
3. Mission or Regions of Operation
4. Constraints
5. Regulations & Standards
 Functional Analysis
 Modeling of problems & solutions
 Characterization of solution
 Feasibility Analysis

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Progression of Elements within
Concept Development
Modeling
Definition Functional •Analysis
Analysis •Simulation
•Prototyping

Feasibility
Characterizati
Analysis
on of solution

Requirements
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 Requirements
 Crystallize the function, operation & performance of the
system.
 Establish metrics for quantifying progress during
development of the system solution.
 General types of requirements:
Performance
Reliability & maintainability
Human factors & user interface
Safety & failure modes
Operational regimes & environment
Logistics support

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 Good Engineering

 Mix of analytical, logical, experimental and

judgmental skills
 Good engineering requires integrity and good
communication
 Integrity as foundation
 Good communication then provides synergy
 Technology becomes obsolete, integrity and good
communication will always be necessary

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Questions to Ask

 Determine the type of problem

 Experimental – One of a kind, custom
 Specialty or limited-run production
 Large production run
 What market will your product serve
 Military
 Industrial
 Medical
 Commercial

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Questions to Ask …
continued
 Who will use your product? Control Interface?
 Skills and education of users
 What is the function of the product? Capacity of the product?
 Data throughput and communications
 Memory
 Energy Consumption
 Size

 How will your product be manufactured?

 Will it be a throwaway
 If it needs maintenance, what level of expertise is required

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 Questions to Ask …
continued
 To what standards will your product conform market
 Military
 Industrial
 Medical
 Commercial
 To what standards will your product conform
 Hardware
 Electromagnetic compatibility

 Reliability

 Software
 Human Factors
 Environmental & Ecological
 Operational & Safety

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Questions to Ask …
continued
 How complex does it have to be
 How can you optimize

 Usually dependant on the market

 Consumer : Cost
 Avionics : Weight
 Medical : Safety
 Military : Reliability

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 Design Development
 Design synthesizes the How of component interaction
within the system.
 Design molds the What from requirements into functional
relationships to derive an integrated whole.
 System engineering revolves around the synthesis of the
solution.
 Concept Development: Proposes various approaches to
design.
 Requirements: Structure the framework on which the
solution hangs.
 Integration & Testing: Determine how well the solution fits
the requirements.

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 Architecting
Different Architecting Approaches
1. Normative
Standard practices and quantitative solutions like
predefined protocols and design handbooks
2. Rational
Quantitative analysis and algorithms
Data collection, hypothesis, testing. Optimization through analytical solutions.
3. Argumentative
Aims for consensus
Requires good team dynamics
Weakness: Design by committee
4. Heuristic
Common sense based on the experience of the architect
Quickly discard unreasonable options through heuristic judgment to ensure integrity

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Architecting

Four design methods based on the architecting

approaches
• Top-Down (Constraint driven)
• Normative and Rational

• Bottom-Up (Built from current designs)

• Argumentative

• Outside-In (Interface driven)

• Rational, Argumentative, Heuristic

• Inside-Out (Technology driven)

• Heuristic (Zero-Mass Design)

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Teamwork & Trust
• Teamwork essential to any successful product
• Teamwork includes:
• User
• Client
• Management
• Designers
• Manufacturing
• Procurement
• Vendors

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Teamwork & Trust

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Design Validation

Design Validation: Determines how well the

requirements suit the intent of the system solution.
 Rapid Prototyping
 Field Testing
 Bench tests, bread board evaluations
Validation is a qualitative description of the purpose of
the instrument.
Tests for validation
 Hazard Analysis Challenge Tests
 Event-Tree Analysis Human Factors Evaluation
 Fault-Tree Analysis Failure Mode, Effects
 Failure Recovery & Error Correction
 Criticality Analysis

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Design Verification
 Design Verification:

Evaluates how well the system satisfies the

requirements.

Quantifies system performance & compares it with

the requirements.

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Design Integration
Design Integration: Process of assembling the
components & subsystems & performing the
acceptance tests of validation & verification.

 Modular
 Spiral Development
 Expanding Envelope

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Cost of Design Changes
Design & Integration Operation
Concept Development

Ongoing
Breadboard, Evaluations
Bench tests,
Prototyping Formal
Acceptance
Analytical (validation &
simulation verification)

Life Cycle Progress Mrs. P A Kulkarni 24

 Maintenance & Life Cycle Costs
 Maintenance – Planned, Unscheduled

 Maintenance comprises of:

Philosophical basis to orient the work.
Diagnostic procedure
Administrative scheme

 Five levels of functionality

Fail operational
Cold spare
Line-replaceable unit
Component replacement
Disposable
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Product Development Stages

Product Development
 Complete process of bringing a new product or

service to market
 2 Parallel paths

 Company :: Market share

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Product Development Stages
….continued
1. Idea Generation
2. Idea Screening
3. Concept Development and Testing
4. Business Analysis
5. Beta Testing and Market Testing
6. Technical Implementation
7. Commercialization

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Product Development Stages
….continued
1. Idea Generation

 Customers
 Corporate spies
 Trade shows
 Company’s R&D Dept.  Policy of Open
 Competitors Innovation
 Employees
 Focus groups  Salespeople

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Product Development Stages
….continued
2. Idea Screening
 Eliminate unsound concepts prior to devoting
resources to them
 Ask 3 questions
 Will the customer benefit from the product ?
 Is it technically feasible to manufacture the
product ?
 Will the product be profitable ?
 Is the product environment friendly?

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Product Development Stages
….continued

3. Concept Development and Testing

 Develop the marketing and engineering details

 Test the concept by asking a sample of

prospective customers what they think of the

idea

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Product Development Stages
….continued
4. Business Analysis

 Estimate likely selling price

 Estimate sales volume based upon size

of market and estimate profitability and

breakeven point

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Product Development Stages
….continued
5. Beta testing & Market testing

 Produce a physical prototype or mock-up

 Run a product in a test market/ customer

acceptance

 Conduct focus group customer interviews

 Introduce at trade show

 Make adjustments

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Product Development Stages
….continued
6. Technical Implementation

7. Commercialization
 Launch the product.
 Produce and place advertisements and other
promotions.
 Fill the distribution pipeline with product

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Product Development
Constraints
 Involvement of necessary people

 Identification of operational environment

 Failure modes

 Variations in the parameters

 Software bugs, if any

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System Specifications

 Reduce costly modifications

 Balance of user expectations

 Inputs from users, design consultants, engineers

and marketing, quality assurance team,

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Presenting System Specifications

 Detaining at high level and practical

 Use text, pictures, prototypes for description of

System Specifications
 Evaluate specifications after formal, informal
meetings and reviews by potential users.

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Functional Requirements

 Data throughput & communication

 Memory

 Energy consumption

 Size

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Environmental Constraints

 Design-For-Environment (DFE) programs

 Attributes defined by global legislators, technology

advances, customer perception

 E.g. recharges batteries

 E.g Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)-Recycling

plastic
 Eliminate hazardous chemicals & materials from

processing, fabrication & operation

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 Commercial & Military Standards
Standard Regulation Country

Commercial CLELEC Europe

IEC 801 Europe
IEC 871 Europe
FCC United states
VCCI Japan
VDE Germany

Military GAM-EG-13 France

VG-NORM Germany
DEF STAN 59-41 United Kingdom
MIL-STD-461D United states

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