DESIGN WITH CLIMATE:

PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM

By:
DR ESMAWEE HJ ENDUT
 ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES

ARCHITECTURE

NEEDS CLIMATE

SOCIETY CULTURE

TECHNOLOGY Source: Louis Hellmann,

Architecture For Beginners
 OBJECTIVE OF DESIGN

COMFORT

PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM (NATURAL)

ACTIVE COOLING SYSTEM (ARTIFICIAL)
 PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM: IS A COOLING
SYSTEM THAT USES NATURAL RESOURCES
(WITHOUT THE USE EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT/
MECHANICAL SYSTEM)

Natural Resources
 SUN (Natural Lighting) - orientation/
solar control
 WIND (Natural Ventilation) – cross
ventilation/ stack effect
 WATER
 VEGETATION
 PASSIVE DESIGN

NATURAL NATURAL
LIGHTING VENTILATION

SOURCE: SUN/ SOLAR SOURCE: AIR

- Control of Heat - Movement Of Air
ADAPTATION OF SHELTER TO CLIMATE

The ancients recognized that regional adaptation was an

essential principle of architecture. Vitruvius said in De
Architectura
“For the style of buildings ought manifestly to be different
in Egypt and Spain, in Pontus and Rome, and in
countries and regions of various characters. For in one
part the earth is oppressed by the sun in its course; in
another part the earth is far removed from it; in another it
is affected by it at a moderate distance”

Source: OLGYAY, VICTOR, Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach To

Architectural Regionalism, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1963, page 2
SPATIAL SYSTEM OF CLIMATE
1. GLOBAL CLIMATE – associated with wind
belts (movement of air masses) from
temperature and pressure changes, resulted
from the tilt of the earth’s axis, earth’s rotation,
land and sea masses
2. REGIONAL MACRO CLIMATE – horizontal
scale up to 1000 km and vertical scale up to 10
km (4 major sub divisions)
3. LOCAL (TOPO) CLIMATE – Topoclimate
has variations up to 10 km horizontally and
vertical effects up to 1 km
4. MICRO CLIMATE – with limits of about 1 km
horizontally and up to 100 m vertically
SUB-DIVISIONS OF REGIONAL
MACROCLIMATE
1. Cool Region

2. Temperate Region

3. Hot Arid Region

4. Hot Humid Region

North-South Building Orientation
 EXTERNAL WALL IS NOT FULLY EXPOSED
 NO DIRECT PENETRATION OF SUNLIGHT
 SERAMBI/ANJUNG/ OR SELANG ACTS AS ‘IN-BETWEEN SPACE
Solar Control: SUN SHADING DEVICES

NATURAL DEVICES

INTERNAL DEVICES

EXTERNAL DEVICES
Source: ALLAN KONYA, Design Primer For Hot Climate, London, Architecture
Press Ltd, 1980, page 42 & 43
Closely grouped buildings in hot-dry climate and open, loose planning in
warm-humid regions

Source: ALLAN KONYA, Design Primer For Hot Climate, London, Architecture
Press Ltd, 1980, page 49
Buildings designed with due regard for climate: sketches below show,
rooms around a courtyard for hot arid climate and open houses with large
verandas for hot humid climate.

Cross Ventilation
VENTILATION

CROSS VENTILATION Ventilation caused by the stack effect

can be a great aid to comfort in humid
areas when there is little or no air
movement

Source: ALLAN KONYA, Design Primer For Hot Climate, London, Architecture
Press Ltd, 1980, page 52
 AIDS FOR COOLING

Source: ALLAN KONYA, Design Primer For Hot Climate, London, Architecture
Press Ltd, 1980, page 56
 AIDS FOR COOLING

Source: ALLAN KONYA, Design Primer For Hot Climate, London, Architecture
Press Ltd, 1980, page 57
Buildings designed with due regard for protection against dust storms and
hot winds, wind shaft provides controlled air inside a building in South Iran
QUEENS BUILDING, DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY
QUEENS BUILDING, DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
PASSIVE COOLED BUILDING

1. AMPLE AIR MOVEMENT THROUGH AND

AROUND THE BUILDING

2. NORTH- SOUTH BUILDING ORIENTATION

3. OPEN PLAN CONCEPT

4. FULL HEIGHT OPENINGS

5. TIERED ROOF / HIGH LEVEL OPENING

 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
PASSIVE COOLED BUILDING

6. THIN INSULATED ROOF

7. VOLUMETRIC SPACE

8. EXPOSED ROOF STRUCTURE

9. FREQUENT USE OF AREAS OF VEGETATION

10. COURTYARD DESIGN WITH WATER &

PLANTS
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
PASSIVE COOLED BUILDING

11. LINEAR BUILDING PLANS

12. REFLECTIVE EXTERNAL WALL & THIN

BREEZE-TRANSPARENT INTERNAL WALL

13. HIGH CEILINGS

14. HORIZONTAL/ LOW RISE DEVELOPMENT

15. ‘IN-BETWEEN’ SPACES/ RECESSED WALL

 REFERENCES
 ALLAN KONYA, Design Primer For Hot Climate, London, Architecture Press
Ltd, 1980
 AMOS RAPOPORT, House Form & Culture,
 OLGYAY, VICTOR, Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach To
Architectural Regionalism, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1963 
 KUKREJA, C. P., Tropical Architecture, New Delhi, Tata-McGraw Hill, 1978
 PAUL OLIVER (ed.), Encyclopedia of  Vernacular Architecture of the World,
Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997
 M, EVANS, Housing, Climate & Comfort, Architectural Press, London, 1980
 KOENISBERGER, OTTO H., Manual of Tropical Housing and Building – Part
1: Climatic Design, London, 1974
 GIVONI, B., Man, Climate and Architecture, Sydney, Applied Science
Publishers, 1976
 S. V. SZOKOLAY, Environmental Science Handbook for Architects &
Builders, Construction Press, Lancaster, 1980
 S. V. SZOKOLAY, Passive & Low Energy Design for Thermal & Visual
Comfort, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985
Thank you