Carbon

Compounds
Terminology
Organic compounds -
Inorganic compounds –
Hydrocarbons –
Non-hydrocarbons –
Saturated hydrocarbons –
Unsaturated hydrocarbons –
Complete combustion –
Incomplete combustion –
Isomer -
Homologous series –
CARBON COMPOUNDS
1. Carbon compounds are compounds that contain the
……………….. element.
These compounds can be classified into two groups :
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds
 Group these following carbon compounds into
Activity 1 organic compounds and inorganic compounds.
Name Formula Name Formula
Calcium CaCO3 Potassium KCN
carbonate cyanide
Urea (NH2)2CO Amino acid NH2CH(CH3)COOH
Carbon dioxide CO2 Methane CH4
Glucose C6H12O6 Butanol C4H9OH
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Sodium NaHCO3
bicarbonate

Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

HYDROCARBON
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain
only carbon, C and hydrogen, H.

2. Hydrocarbons are classified into two groups :

Saturated hydrocarbons  contain only single
covalent bonds between carbon
atoms.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon  contains at least one
double or triple covalent
bond between carbon atoms.
HYDROCARBON
2. The main source of hydrocarbons is …………………. It is
formed as a result of decomposition of plants and
animals that died million years ago.

Name of
Carbon atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Root name Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Deca-
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
 Hydrocar
bon

Esters

Carboxylic
acids Alkane

Alcohol Alkene
Alkane
1. It is classified as saturated hydrocarbons. (A saturated
hydrocarbon contains only single covalent bonds between
carbon atoms).

2. Alkanes are hydrocarbons with the general formula :

 
CnH2n + 2 where n = 1, 2, 3, ……, ∞
 

3. Each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms by single

covalent bonds that is C – C.
Alkane
Number of Naming of Alkane Chemical Structural
Carbon atom Formula Formula

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 Alkane
Cannot Conduct
Conductivity
Electrical

Electricity

Density
Less dense in
water

Physical Properties of
Alkane

Boiling Points
Low melting and

Melting and
Boiling points
Insoluble in water
solvents
Dissolves in Organic
Solubility
 Alkane
Chemical properties of alkanes
1. Alkanes only have single covalent bonds,
C – C and C – H . They are saturated hydrocarbon and
chemically not reactive.

2. Two chemical reactions of alkanes are :

I : Combustion Reaction
Alkanes undergo complete combustion in the
presence of sufficient/excess oxygen to form
carbon dioxide and water only.
Alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Alkene
1. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
2. Functional group
C=C

3. General formula:
CnH2n n=2,3,4..
4. Naming of Alkenes according to IUPAC end with
-ene
Alkene
Number of Naming of Alkene Chemical Structural
Carbon atom Formula Formula

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 Alkene
Cannot Conduct
Conductivity
Electrical

Electricity

Density
Less dense in
water

Physical Properties of
Alkene

Boiling Points
Low melting and

Melting and
Boiling points
Insoluble in water
solvents
Dissolves in Organic
Solubility
 Chemical properties of Alkene
Alkene
Combustion of Alkene Addition of Alkene

Hydroge Halogen Hydratio Oxidatio Hydrogen

nation ation n n Halides
Alkenes burns in excess O2 produce CO2 and H2O
Homologous Series
1. A homologous series is a family of organic
compounds with same functional group.

2. All members in same homologous series have same

functional group and same chemical properties.
Homologous Series
Alcohol
1. Functional group
O-H

2. General formula:
CnH2n+1 OH n=1,2,3,4..

3. Naming of alcohols end with -ol

Alcohol
Number of Naming of Alcohol Chemical Structural
Carbon atom Formula Formula
1 Methanol CH3OH
H
C
H H
2 OH

4
 Preparation of Alcohol: Fermentation

Glucose ethanol + CO2 Ethanol + water

Alcohol : Chemical Properties
●
CnH2n+1OH + O2 CO2 +
Combustion H2O

●
CnH2n+1OH + [O] CnH2n+1
Oxidation COOH + H2O

Dehydration CnH2n+1OH
●
CnH2n + H2O
Carboxylic Acid
1. Functional Group:
-C=O

OH
2. General formula:

CnH2n+1 COOH n=0,1,2,3,4..

3. Naming end with –oic acid
Carboxylic acid
Number of Naming of Alcohol Chemical Structural
Carbon atom Formula Formula
1 Methanoic acid HCOOH
H
C=O
H
2 OH

4
Esters R-C=O
1. Functional group:
OR

2. General formula: CnH2n+1 COOH n=0,1,2,3,4..

3. Naming:
(a) the first part from alkyl group of the alcohol.
(b) second part from carboxylic acid replaced to
- oate
Perfumes, cosmetics Used as solvents for
and artificial food many organic
flavourings compounds

Uses of Esters
To make synthetic
polymers Used as medicine for
example
To make soap painkiller/aspirin
 Ca
Al rbo
Al Cracking
Al Hydration Oxidation

co xyl
ka ke ic
ho
ne Hydrogenation
ne Hydrogenation

aci
l
CO2 and H2O Esters
d
Naming of Hydrocarbons
P r e fi x + Root + Suffix
Naming of Hydrocarbons
Prefix + R o o t + Suffix
Naming of Hydrocarbons
Prefix + Root + S u ffi x
 2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene

Prefix Stem Suffix

Branch
Number of carbon in Homologous series
the longest chain (4 (alkene)
carbon atoms)
 Naming of Hydrocarbons
P r e fi x + R o o t + S u ffi x
S1: S3:
S2 :
Identify the funtional group Identify the longest carbon chain, Identify the branch chain. Determine the
/homologous the number of carbon atoms in the prefix
series of the compound. longest carbon chain gives the and numbered the carbon atoms in the
 gives the name of the suffix name of longest
carbon chain beginning from the end of
Single bond - Alkane - ‘ane’ the stem e.g : meth, eth, prop, but,
pent… the chain
Double bond - Alkene - ‘ene’ nearer to the branch chain. The name
for the
  branch chain ends with ‘yl’

 
 P r e fi x + R o o t + S u ffi x
CH3

H3C  CH  CH2  CH2  CH3
1 2 3 4 5

CH3

2,3-dimethyl pentane