BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS

IMD101
 PLAGIARISM & SELF PLAGIARISM
• Plagiarism is the act of using another person’s
words and ideas as if it were your own, that is
without acknowledging the original source.
• Plagiarism is the use of another person’s ideas or
words without giving them the proper credit.
• Plagiarism can occur when you use someone
else’s exact words without giving them credit,
taking credit for someone else’s ideas, or even
presenting your own past work as a new idea.
• Plagiarism can occur intentional or unintentional
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
According to the APA manual (6th ed.),
the best method of avoiding plagiarism is
to cite the ideas, theories, and research
that directly influenced your work, cite
key background information, information
that may support or dispute your theory
or hypothesis, or offer critical
definitions or data (p. 169).
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
Provide notes – note down the source (author
and title) or to further elaborate the point.
• Endnotes – listed at the end of every chapter or
paper
• Footnotes – written at the bottom of the page
where the information was inserted
Put borrowed words and ideas in quotation
marks – “……”
Prepare bibliography
 WHY CITATION?

Citations used in the body

of your publication
identify the source of
information.
 HOW TO CITE?
1. In-Text Citations

Citations used in the body of your publication

identify the source of information. In-text
parenthetical citations are used to give credit
to the authors whose ideas or thoughts are
used within the document. These internal
citations allow the reader to identify the
source and locate the information being
addressed.
 HOW TO CITE?
Paraphrasing
-- is used when you take someone else’s direct
quote and state their idea in your own words.
Changing a few words here and there is still
considered plagiarism even if you do cite the
author.
Paraphrasing means that you expressed the
author’s information or ideas in your
own words and have given that person credit
for that information or idea. You can prevent
plagiarism by closing the document and restating
the idea in your own words.
 PARAPHRASE
Example how the paraphrased version made changes to
more than 50% of the original wording:

1. Original Passage: “Signed into law in January 2002

by President George W. Bush, the No Child Left Behind
(NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education
reform of federal education policy in decades” (Smith,
2008. p. 212).

2. Unacceptable Paraphrasing: Enacted into law in

2002 by President Bush, the No Child Left Behind Act
signaled the most sweeping education reform of U.S.
educational policy in decades.
 Paraphrase
3. Paraphrased: According to Smith (2008), the No
Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Act provided the most all-
encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost half a
century.
Or

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Act provided the

most all-encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost
half a century (Smith, 2008)

Paraphrases must include the name of the author and

the year of publication
 QUOTING DIRECTLY
When you directly quote an author, you need to
put the exact words of the author in quotation
marks or follow the rules for a block quotation.
Include the exact spelling and interior
punctuation of the borrowed words. The author,
year of publication, and page number(s) or
paragraph number for non-paginated materials
are always included in the text and a reference
citation is included in the reference list. See APA
manual (6th ed.), pp. 170-172
 REGULAR QUOTE
a. Regular Quotes -- are used when the quote
is less than 40 words.
McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet
of motivation” (p. 71).
• Keep the author and year of publication
together.
• Use quotation marks to identify the exact words
of the author.
• Include the page number in parentheses
immediately after the direct quote.
• Place the period after the parentheses
 BLOCK QUOTES
b. Block Quotes – are used for quotes of more
than 40 words.
Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges
in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the
challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:
Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the
title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body
of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or
complete title if the title is short.
NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the
important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same
book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the
reference list. (p.
342)
 CITATION PLACEMENT
Use the author-date method of citation by inserting the
surname of the author and the year of
publication at the appropriate point in the text.
a.Citations for Paraphrased Information
• Beginning of sentence
Krankenstein (2006) reported that empirical research
verified compliance.
• Middle of sentence
After looking into the issue, Lynch (2007) stated that the
findings were not valid.
• End of sentence
The report concluded were victims of cyber-terrorism
(Windhorst, 2004).
 CITATION PLACEMENT
b. Citations with Direct Quotes
• Author and quote together
The principal stated clearly that students “needed
parental permission to leave school” (Abbott,
2005, p. 25).
• Author and quote separated
MacDougall (2004) stated that the “Information
Literacy Model needed to be implemented” (p.
34).
• Quote from non-paginated material
Winkowski (2007) stated, “The research is
unreliable” (Conclusion section, para 4)
 PREVENTING PLAGIARISM

You can prevent plagiarism

by closing the document and
restating the idea in your
own words.
TYPE OF NOTES

Quotation marks
End Notes
Footnotes
Ibid
Op. cit.
END-NOTES
QUOTATION MARKS
REFERENCE AT THE END OF THE WRITING
END-NOTES
 FOOTNOTES

noted

FOOTNOTES
AT THE
BOTTOM
OF PAGE
 REFER THE AUTHOR’S NAMES AT THE
NOTES
Bhaskar, 1990
Barnes &
Olivei, 2003

Driscoll &
Holden, 2004

Eisner, 1998
 Barnes and
Olivei, 2003

Bhaskar,
1990

Driscoll and
Holden, 2004

Eisner, 1998
From previous slide
 Ibid
• Ibid in Latin “ibidem” means – “in the same
place”
• For reference to the same page of work of the
same source immediately preceding
1. Kenith E. Peters. Document management (London: Bowker,
2006): 47.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid, p. 64.
4. Parkson, Robert. Office management (New York: Porter, 2009):
34.
 Op.cit.
• Op.cit is from Latin opere citato – in the work cited
• Reference already cited, but not immediately preceding.
Should include author’s last name only. Include page
number.

1. Kenith E. Peters. Document management (London: Bowker, 2006):

47.
2. Robert Parkson. Office management (New York: Porter, 2009): 34.
3. Sharon Pentfold. Change management in the office. (Paris: Crater,
2010): 25.
4. Peters, op.cit., p: 37.
5. Pentfold, op.cit. p: 64.
BIBLIOGRAPHY VS. REFERENCE
 What is referencing?
Referencing is a standard way of
acknowledging the sources of information and
ideas that you have in your assignments and
allows the sources to be identified.

Why reference?
Important to avoid plagiarism, to verify
quotations and to enable readers to follow up
what you have written and more fully
understand the cited author’s work.
 Steps in referencing
1. Record the full bibliographic details and
relevant page numbers of the source from
which information is taken.

2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place

in the text of your document.

3. Include a reference list that includes all

in-text citations at the end of your
document.
 In-text citations
In an author-date style, in-text citations
usually require the name of the author(s) and
the year of publication.
A page number is included if you have a direct
quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to
direct the reader to a specific page or idea.
Page numbers may also be included if the you
are referring to a long work and the page
numbers might be useful to the readers.
 How to create a reference
list/bibliography?
A reference list includes just the books,
articles, and web pages etc that are cited in
the text of the document.
A bibliography includes all sources consulted
for background or further reading
A reference list is arranged alphabetically by
author. If an item has no author, it is cited by
title, and included in the alphabetical list using
the first significant word of the title.
 How to create a reference
list/bibliography?...cont’d
If you have more than one item with the
same author, list the items
chronologically, starting with the earliest
publication.
Each reference appears on new lines.
Each item in the reference list is
required to have a hanging indention.
References should not be numbered.
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CITATION

• APA
– American Psychological Association
• MLA
– Modern Language Association
• CHICAGO STYLE
• THURABIAN
• HARVARD
• ETC…
 WHAT IS BEING REFERRED TO?

• Book titles
• Articles in Periodicals
• Online Articles
• Newspapers
• Websites
• ….others
BOOKS
 BOOK
• APA • MLA
1. Author 1. Author
2. Year 2. Title: Subtitle,
3. Title: Subtitle, (edition, if any)
(edition, if any) 3. Place of publication
4. Place of publication (City)
(City) 4. Publisher name
5. Publisher name 5. Year
 ARRANGEMENT
BOOK WITH 1 AUTHOR – APA

Author/s. (Year) Title: Subtitle, (edition, if any). Place of publication (City, State): Publisher name.

Stiglitz, Joseph (2003) Globalization and

its Discontents: An Overview. New York: Norton
Publishers.
 ARRANGEMENT 2
BOOK WITH 1 AUTHOR – MLA

Author/s. () Title: Subtitle, (edition, if any). Place of publication (City, State): Publisher name, Year.

Stiglitz, Joseph. Globalization and its

Discontents: An Overview. New York: Norton
Publishers, 2003.
 BOOK WITH 2-3 AUTHORS
• APA
Todaro, Michael P. and Steven C.
Smith (2003) Economic Development.
London: Addison Wesley.

• MLA
Todaro, Michael P. and Steven C.
Smith. Economic Development. London:
Addison Wesley, 2003.
 BOOK WITH 3 AUTHORS
• APA

Vincent, Jeffrey R., P. Ramachandran and Rozali

Mohamed Ali. (1997) Environment and Development in
a Resource Rich Economy: Malaysian Under the New
Economic Policy. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press.

• MLA

Vincent, Jeffrey R., P. Ramachandran and Rozali

Mohamed Ali. Environment and Development in a
Resource Rich Economy: Malaysian Under the New
Economic Policy. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1997.
 BOOK WITH MORE THAN 3
AUTHORS
APA

Prasad, Eswar S., Kenneth Rogoff, Shang-

Jin Wei, and M. Ayhan Kose, (2003) Effects of
Financial Globalization on Developing
Countries: Some Empirical Evidence.
Washington: International Monetary Fund.

Prasad, Eswar S., et.al. (2003) Effects of

Financial Globalization on Developing
Countries: Some Empirical Evidence.
Washington: International Monetary Fund.
BOOK WITH more than 3 AUTHORS
MLA
Prasad, Eswar S., Kenneth Rogoff, Shang-Jin
Wei, and M. Ayhan Kose, Effects of Financial
Globalization on Developing Countries: Some
Empirical Evidence. Washington: International
Monetary Fund, 2003

Prasad, Eswar S., et.al. Effects of Financial

Globalization on Developing Countries: Some
Empirical Evidence. Washington: International
Monetary Fund, 2003.
 BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR
APA

From Paris With Love. (1965).

London: Longman.

MLA

From Paris With Love. London:

Longman, 1965.
BOOK WITH NON ENGLISH NAME
– APA
MALAY NAME – NO SURNAME

Mohammed Husin Jamil. (2001) Mengenal

Ekonomi Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti.

CHINESE NAME – WITH SURNAME

Tan Eu Chye and Mohammed Ariff. (2001)

Modern Malaysia In the Global Economy.
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
BOOK WITH NON ENGLISH NAME
– APA (cont’d.)
WITH SURNAME – CHRISTIAN CHINESE, INDIAN, JAPANESE,
KOREANS, ARAB, ETC.

Chow, Steven. (2005) Developing People’s Power in

Democratic Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing.

Prasad, Eswar S. (2003) Effects of Financial

Globalization on Developing Countries: Some Empirical
Evidence. Washington: International Monetary Fund.

Yoshihara, Kunio. (1988) The Rise of Ersatz

Capitalism in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Oxford
University Press.
 BOOK WITH NON ENGLISH NAME
– MLA
MALAY NAME – NO SURNAME

Mohammed Husin Jamil. Mengenal Ekonomi

Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti, 2001.

CHINESE NAME – WITH SURNAME

Tan Eu Chye and Mohammed Ariff. Modern

Malaysia In the Global Economy.
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing,
2001.
BOOK WITH NON ENGLISH NAME
– MLA (cont’d.)

Chow, Steven. Developing People’s Power in

Democratic Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing,
2005.

Prasad, Eswar S. Effects of Financial Globalization

on Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence.
Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2003.

Yoshihara, Kunio. The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in

Southeast Asia. Singapore: Oxford University Press,
1988.
JOURNALS & MAGAZINES
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS OF
MAGAZINE/JOURNAL
• APA
1. Author/s
2. Date – (Year Month Day)
3. Title: Subtitle. Edition (if any)
4. Name of Magazine/ Journal, Issue or volume
5. Page number/s
• MLA
1. Author/s
2. Title: Subtitle. Edition (if any)
3. Name of Magazine/ Journal, Issue or volume
4. Date – Month Day Year
5. Page number/s
APA CITATION
 ARRANGEMENT – APA
1. Author/s
2. Date – (Year Month Day)
3. Title: Subtitle. Edition (if any)
4. Name of Magazine/ Journal,
Issue or volume
5. Page number/s 3
2
1
Author. (Year, Month, Day) Title: Subtitle.
Name of Journal/ Magazine, volume: page
number/s.
4 5
highlighted
 JOURNAL & MAGAZINE ARTICLE
(APA)
1 AUTHOR
Bello, Walden. (1998, January 12) “The End of the Asian Miracle.” The Nation, no. 2: 266.

Krugman, Paul. (1995, July/August) “Dutch Tulips and Emerging Markets.” Foreign Affairs. Vol.
74, Issue 4: 12-13.

2 - 3 AUTHORS
Stiglitz, Joseph and Clive Crook. (2003, May 1) “Survey of Global Finance.” The Economist.: 367.

Lockwood, Christopher, Paul Bernstein and Chang Teo Heng. (2003, April 5) “Survey of
Malaysia.” The Economist: 23-25.
 JOURNAL & MAGAZINE ARTICLE
(APA) …cont’d.
MORE THAN 3 AUTHORS

Bello, Walden, Paul Krugman, Michael Teoh and M.K. Ravichandran. (1998,
January 12) “The End of the Asian Miracle.” The Nation, no. 2: 266.

Bello, Walden, et.al. (1998, January 12) “The End of the Asian Miracle.” The
Nation, no. 2: 266.
 Citation

MLA
 ARRANGEMENT – MLA
1. Author/s
2. Title: Subtitle. Edition (if any)
3. Name of Magazine/ Journal, Issue or volume (highlighted)
4. Date – Month Day Year
5. Page number/s
1 2 3 (highlighted)

Author/s. Title: Subtitle. Name of Journal/

Magazine, volume. Month, Day Year: page
number/s.
5
4
 JOURNAL & MAGAZINE ARTICLE
(MLA)
1 AUTHOR
Bello, Walden. “The End of the Asian Miracle.” The Nation, no. 2. January 12, 1998: 266.

Krugman, Paul. “Dutch Tulips and Emerging Markets.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 74, Issue 4.
July/August, 1995 : 12-13.

2 - 3 AUTHORS
Stiglitz, Joseph and Clive Crook. “Survey of Global Finance.” The Economist. May 1, 2003: 367.

Lockwood, Christopher, Paul Bernstein and Chang Teo Heng. “Survey of Malaysia.” The
Economist. April 5, 2003: 23-25.
 JOURNAL/MAGAZINE ARTICLE
WITH NO AUTHOR
• APA
“Shuttle crew studying ozone layer”.
(2000, April) Time: 34.

• MLA
“Shuttle crew studying ozone layer”. Time.
April 2000: 34.
 JOURNAL & MAGAZINE ARTICLE
(MLA) …cont’d.
MORE THAN 3 AUTHORS

Bello, Walden, Paul Krugman, Michael Teoh and M.K. Ravichandran. “The End of the
Asian Miracle.” The Nation, no. 2. January 12, 1998: 266.

Bello, Walden, et.al. “The End of the Asian Miracle.” The Nation, no. 2. January 12,
1998: 266.
 JOURNAL ARTICLE (MLA)
• JOURNAL
Bello, Walden. “The End of the Asian
Miracle.” The Nation, no. 2. January 12
1998 : 266.
• NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
 ARRANGEMENT – APA
1. Author/s
2. Date – (Year Month Day)
3. Title: Subtitle. Edition (if any)
4. Name of Newspaper
5. Page number/s
3
2
1
Author. (Year, Month, Day) Title: Subtitle.
Name of Name of Newspaper: page
number/s.
4 5
highlighted

Mohd. Azam Noor. (2003, July 3) “US Attack Iraq”. New

Straits Times. 3 : 1.
 ARRANGEMENT – APA
• APA
Mohd. Azam Noor. (2003, July 3) “US
Attack Iraq”. New Straits Times. 3 : 1.

• MLA
Mohd. Azam Noor. “US Attack Iraq”. New
Straits Times. 3 July 2003: 1.
 ARRANGEMENT – MLA
1. Author/s
2. Title: Subtitle. Edition (if any)
3. Name of Newspaper (highlighted)
4. Date – Month Day Year
5. Page number/s
1 2 3 (highlighted)

Author/s. Title: Subtitle. Name of Newspaper.

Month, Day Year: page number/s.

5
4

Mohd. Azam Noor. “US Attack Iraq”. New Straits Times. 3

July 2003: 1.
OTHER INFORMATION
MATERIALS
NON-PRINTED MATERIALS
(APA)
Capra, F. (Director & Producer). (1934). It happened One Night [Film].

Derbyshire, Ernheart.et.al. Glacial Map of Tasmania. [Map]. London:

Royal Geographical Society.

Haze in Malaysia: Impact on Tourism. (2000, December 2). Majalah 3.

With Norazlina Ridhwan. TV3. Damansara, Selangor: STMB.

Habsah Hassan (Producer) & Othman Hafsham (Director). (2000).

Soal Hati [Film]. Kuala Lumpur: Serangkai Film Sdn. Bhd.

Rembrandt. (1999). Two Dancers on Stage. [Portrait]. London:

National Gallery of Art.
 EXERCISES
• BOOK – APA / MLA

Title: Capital Flows Volatility

Publisher: Zed Books
Subtitle: From Crisis to Recovery
Place: London
Author: Michael Moore
Year: 2007
 ANSWER
• APA

Moore, Michael. (2007) Capital Flows

Volatility: From Crisis to Recovery. London: Zed
Books.

• MLA

Moore, Michael. Capital Flows Volatility: From

Crisis to Recovery. London: Zed Books,
2007.
 EXERCISES
• BOOK – APA / MLA

Title: Effects of Financial Globalization

Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Other Authors: Prasat Kumar, John Peters, and
Ahmad Karim Awang
Subtitle: Some Empirical Evidence
Place: Washington
Author 1: Chang Koh Wei
Year: 2001
 ANSWER
• APA

Chang Koh Wei, et.al. (2001) Effects of Financial

Globalization: Some Empirical Evidence. Washington:
International Monetary Fund.

• MLA
Chang Koh Wei, et.al. Effects of Financial
Globalization: Some Empirical Evidence.
Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2001.
 EXERCISE – CONTINUED
• JOURNAL ARTICLE
Title: Capital Flows Volatility
Journal Name: Journal of Economics
Subtitle: From Crisis to Recovery
Month, Day: 27 January
Page number/s: 17.
Author: John Moore
Year: 2007
 ANSWER

APA
John Moore. (2007, January 27 )
Capital Flows Volatility: From Crisis to
Recovery. Journal of Economics.: 17.
MLA
Moore, John. Capital Flows Volatility:
From Crisis to Recovery. Journal of
Economics. January 27, 2007: 17.
END OF SESSION

Thank you