TREATMENT OF WATER

AND
ITS METHODS
Presenter

Mr. Rishabh sood, Graphic Era University

Dehradun
 INTRODUCTION
Water is the most abundant and
inexhaustible natural source. It is
constituted of elements of hydrogen and
oxygen. A molecule of water contains 2
hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom. Water is
essential for survival of human as well
as plant life. water circulates in nature in
form of hydrological cycle.
 OCCURRENCE
AND SOURCES
Water is one of the most widely
distributed substance found in nature. It
covers about 3 quarters of earth crust.
water occurs in nature in the free state as
well in combined state. About 75% of
body weight of animals is water. When a
definite molecular proportion of water
combines chemically with certain
substances in crystalline stage it is called
WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION
 Evaluate Well
Change Well Cap
 WATER AS SOLVENT
Water is considered to be universal
solvent. It dissolves large no. of substance
forming their solution. The unique
properties of water which makes it
universal solvent are :-
• the polar nature of its molecule
• It ability to dissolve some of the products
which are formed by it on reacting with
other substance
 HARDNESS OF WATER
The soap consuming property of water is
known as hardness of water . Hardness of
water is due to formation of soap by cations
of a soluble salt, when it dissolves in water
generally soap consist of sodium salt of
oleic acid , palmitic and and stearic acid. It
is of 2 types :-
permanent hardness
temporary hardness
 DETERMINATION OF
HARDNESS OF WATER
1) Soap solution method – soluble
soaps consist of sodium or potassium
salts of higher fatty acids these soaps
give lather with hard water only after
sufficient quantity is added.
2) EDTA method – this method gives
more accurate results than above
method
 TREATMENT OF WATER
• Zeolite process – in this process zeolite
permutit is used for water softening the
permutit is sodium alluminium
orthosilicate . The zeolites may be
natural or synthetic . The zeolites have
property of exchanging their sodium
ions easily with calcium or magnesium
ions
 Disinfection
Shock Chlorination

May work for small numbers of coliform bacteria.

Should be conducted after all well repairs, flooding,
or problems with elevated bacterial counts. After shock
disinfection – retesting for total coliform, standard plate
count, and nuisance bacteria may be need.
 Iron / Nuisance
Bacteria
• Periodic shock well disinfections
• Drop tablets chlorinators
• Chlorine feed system
• Ozone treatment
• UV treatment – may be possible
probably Class A Unit (turbidity, hardness, iron,
manganese issues)
 Issues:
1) Chlorine Demand
2) Bacterial Levels
3) Other Water Quality
problems like: iron,
sulfur, and odors
4) Alkalinity and pH of
water may need
adjustment

continuous
chlorination
 U-V Sterilizer
The Selection of UV
Unit system depends on the
following:

a) General Water Quality

b) Turbidity
c) Hardness
U-V Tube
d) Iron and Manganese
e) Bacterial Levels
f) Source Water Type and Overall
Water Quality ?
Ozone
 Water Softener
Do Not Remove All the Water Hardness !

Ion Exchange: Sodium for Calcium & Magnesium

Raw Water
Schematic of Softener
Calcium &
Magnesium
And other RESIN
Multivalent (Sodium
cations
Or
Potassium)

Treated Water
(Sodium or Potassium)
 Recharge with Brine
Calcium & Magnesium and
other multivalent cations
Waste
Water

RESIN
(Calcium
&
Magnesium)

Brine
(Sodium or Potassium)
 Carbon Filtration
• Uses
– Remove man-made organic chemicals
– Remove miscellaneous tastes and odor from
water – assuming no bacterial problems
– Remove radon gas from water

• Maintenance
– Carbon must be replaced
routinely
 LIME SODA PROCESS
Generally in this process lime milk is
added to water, with calculated amount
of sodium carbonate solution . It is also
of 2 types :-
A. Cold lime soda process
B. Hot lime soda process
 Acid (Corrosive Water) Control

Water

Limestone chips
or calcite

Gravel
 Iron Removal
• Form and concentration is important
– Oxidized = visible, orange stain
– Reduced = colorless
• Removal Methods
– Water Softener
– Chlorination / Filtration
– Oxidizing Filter
– Ozone
 Reverse Osmosis
• force water through membrane
• removes many contaminants
 Distillation
• heat water to boiling
• condense vapor
• ions left behind
• energy intensive

Cooling Water

Raw
Water
Treated
Heat Source Water
 CHARACTERISTICS
IMPARTED BY IMPURITIS IN
WATER
1. PHYSICAL IMPURITIES – COLOUR,
TURBIDITY, TASTE
2. CHEMICAL IMPURITIES – MINERAL
MATTER, GASES, ACIDITY
3. BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES – MICRO-
ORGANISM , WATER BODIES
Units are rated for Water that meets Drinking Water Standards
Not for Water with Levels above the Drinking Water Standard

Typically these are small carbon-block filters that

will remove particles, reduce odors and taste
problems, and have a limited exchange capacity
for hardness and trace metals.
 Before You Buy Treatment Equipment
Get the Facts- Not the Sales Pitch
• Have your water tested by a reputable
accredited, approved, and/or certified lab
- Don’t rely on in-home water test results.
- Don’t rely on free water tests.

• Consult unbiased water quality experts and

get multiple quotes for a system.

• Explore all alternatives

– Well rehabilitation, New source, Local
Pollution Control, Maintenance
THANK YOU RESPECTED
TEACHERS