BY: Nikunj Nayak

CMS-GANPAT University.
 In this chapter, we will study:
 The hardware components of an information
system:
▪ CPU (central processing unit)
▪ Memory (primary and secondary storage)
▪ Telecommunication Devices.
▪ Connecting Devices.
▪ Input devices
▪ Output devices.
 The CPU

Control
Input Unit
ALU
Output
Devices Devices
Registers

Primary
Storage Communication
Devices

Secondary
Storage
 Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer.
 Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer
system.
 A microprocessor that executes instructions to perform
processing tasks. Component parts are: The CPU
 Control Unit
 Arithmetic-Logic Unit Control
Unit
ALU
 Registers
Registers
 Primary Storage

Primary
Storage
 Control Unit
 Controls computer to take advantage of speed and
capacity of other components.
 Directed by list of operations (program) that tells
control unit what to do.
 Program – list of what computer needs to do for an
application.
 Instruction – each individual step or operation in a
program.
 Control unit – carries out one step or instruction at
a time at electronic speed.
 This control supervises, coordinates,
schedules and monitor all the activities
of the computer system.
 On receiving data and instructions through the input unit if
the interprets then send signal to the concerned unit for
further execution.
The CPU
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers

Primary
Storage
 Arithmetic-Logic Unit
 Perform computations on data
 Perform comparisons on data

The CPU

Control
Unit
ALU

Registers

Primary
Storage
 12.2 Functions of Different Units

Arithmetic
Arithmetic unit
unit
handles arithmetic calculations
Arithmetic
Arithmetic and
and
Logic
Logic Unit
Unit

Logic
Logic unit
unit
performs logical calculations and
makes judgment like “if A > B is true”.
 Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
 Evaluates conditions
 Makes comparisons
 Can compare
 Numbers
 Letters
 Special characters
 LOGIC GATES
AND,OR,NOT,NAND,NOR,XOR
 Registers
Registers are memory for processing information
High speed storage areas
Hold data and instructions
When the control unit and the arithmetic and logic Unit
operate, they store the information and instruction
temporarily in registers.
The CPU
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers

Primary
Storage
 Primary Storage (Main Memory)
 Stores instructions from programs
 Stores data to be processed
The CPU

Control
Unit
ALU

Registers

Primary
Storage
The CPU (continued)

 Program Executions
The CPU continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:

Retrieve an instruction from main memory

fetch

execute decode

Carry out the Determine what the

instruction instruction is
 Machine Instruction Cycle
 An instruction is fetched from primary storage by the
Control Unit
 The Control Unit decodes the instruction
 The ALU receives the data and the instruction and
performs the calculation or comparison
 The result is stored in primary storage.
 Computer performance is measured in part by
the number of Machine Instruction Cycles
performed per second.
 12.1 Central Processing Unit


CPU
CPUisisoften
oftenetched
etchedon
onaachip
chipand
andisis
usually
usuallycalled
calledaamicroprocessor.
microprocessor.

Intel Pentium III Cyrix III

AMD
Intel Pentium 4 Athlon XP
 Microprocessors evolved rapidly due to
 Miniaturization of transistors
 Decreasing distance between transistors on
the chip (decreasing line width)
 Improved conductivity (flow) of electricity
 Improved instruction sets programmed into
the chip.
 Smaller, faster, cheaper, more powerful chips
with each generation.
 Motherboard: The place where most of the
electronics including the CPU are mounted.
 Inside the case of a modern PC is the motherboard,
which contains the electronic circuitry of the computer.
Components found on the motherboard include
 The primary processing chip (CPU).
 The memory chips.
 Expansion slots for system interface cards.
 Ports for connecting external devices.
 BIOS chips that control system start-up.
 The circuitry that enables all of these components to
communicate.
 This figure shows the devices inside a PC case,
including the motherboard, the power supply, and
some storage devices.
 The CPU

Control
Unit
ALU
Input Output
Devices Registers Devices

Primary
Storage Communication
Devices

Secondary
Storage
 Computers are digital, and represent data in
bit patterns
 Bit is shorthand for Binary digIT. The binary
system consists of two values: 0 & 1
 8 bits = byte
 Bytes are the basic measure of storage in
computers
 ASCII Code assigns a unique character to
each pattern of 0s &1s in a byte.
 Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, Terabytes
 Storage
 Primary Storage (main memory)
 Secondary Storage
 The memory are generally made of Semi
conductor material.
 Memory stores binary data and provides it to
the microprocessor whenever necessary.
 On board memory (located on the motherboard)
 Very fast, but expensive
 Main memory is a temporary storage area
that holds three things…
 information you are working with
 the application software you are using
 the operating system software
 Increasing memory capacity increases the
performance of the system
 Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and
program that are currently in operation or being
accessed are stored during use. Consists of electronic
circuits.

 Types of Primary Storage :

 Registers – part of the CPU; very fast; very limited
capacity

 Random Access Memory (RAM) (non-permanent)

– memory chips on motherboard; general storage of
program instructions and data.
 Use either flip-flop memory cell or capacitor memory cell.
 Advantages of capacitor memory cell
 Inexpensive
 Compact

 Types of RAM

 DRAM (DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)-Uses capacitor

 SRAM (STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)- uses flip-flop

DRAM are slower and cheaper than SRAM

 Cache Memory – faster than RAM; used to
provide intermediate storage between
secondary storage and RAM

 Read-only Memory (ROM) (permanent)

 chips storing permanent instructions needed
by computer.
 Contents do not change.
Read but not write capability
Permanent (non volatile)
 MASKEDROM

 PROM (programmable read only memory)

 EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory)

 UVEPROM(Ultra Violet erasable programmable read only

memory

 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable programmable read only

memory)
 MRSKEDROM
In this ROM a bit Pattern is permanently recorded by masking and metallization
Process.

It is expensive and requires specialized manufacturing process.

 PROM (programmable read only memory)

This memory can be programmed by the user with a special PROM program that
selectively burns the fuses accordingly to the bit pattern required to be stored.

The process is known as burning the PROM and the information stored is
permanent.
 EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory)
The information stoked in this memory is semi -
permanents . All the information can be erased by
exposing the memory to ultraviolet light.

 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable programmable read

only memory)
This memory is functionally similar to EPROM except
that information can be altered by using electrical
signals.
 Step 3
P Transfer to main CPU and cache
R
O
R
C
E Cache A
S
M
S
O Step 2
Go to address in main
R
memory and read
Step 1
Processor Next processor request
requests data • Look first at cache
or instructions • Go to memory
 Address Content
Main memory
9278 is divided into
9279 many memory
locations (or
9280 cells)
9281
9282 Each memory cell stores a
9283 10011010 set number of bits (usually 8
bits, or one byte)
9284
9285 Large values are
9286 stored in consecutive
Each memory cell has a memory locations
numeric address, which
uniquely identifies it
 Non-volatile storage of data and instructions
 Huge storage capacity
 Cheaper than Primary Storage
 Slower than Primary Storage
 External devices (not on the motherboard);
either inside or outside the computer
 Store programs and data permanently
 Magnetic tape
 Cheap, slow, sequential access: good for backup
 Magnetic Disk
 Floppy Disk - 1.4MB (portable)
 Hard Disk Drive (not portable & portable)
 Zip Drive - 100-750MB (portable)
 Memory Cards and Cartridges
▪ Flash drives (portable)
 Optical
 CD-ROM, CD-RW (700 MB, 800 MB)
 DVD
 Connecting devices enable all the hardware
component to communicate with each other.
 Buses, Expansion Slots, and Expansion Cards:

The system bus consists of the electronic

pathways that move information between basic
components on the motherboard, between the CPU
and RAM. A part of the system bus is called the
expansion bus, which move information from the
CPU and RAM to all of the other hardware devices
such as a microphone and printer.
An expansion slot is a long skinny socket on the
motherboard into which an expansion card is
inserted.

Expansion cards include such thing as video cards,

sound card, and modem card.

Each expansion card contains one or more ports

into which a connector is linked to some other
hardware device such as a printer.
 Ports are simply the plug-ins found on the outside of the
system box into which a connector is plugged. Popular
connectors include:

1.Universal serial bus (USB) :

USB is the most popular means of connecting devices
to a computer. Most standard desktops and laptops
have at least two USB ports.

2. Serial connector usually has nine holes but may have

25, which fit into the corresponding number of pins in
the port. Serial connectors are often most use for
monitors and certain types of modems.
3. Parallel connector
has 25 pins, which fit into the corresponding
holes in the port.

Most printers use parallel connectors.

 Wireless devices transfer and receive information in the form
of waves, either infrared or radio waves. Different type of
waves have different frequencies.

The three most frequently use in personal and business

computer environments are

(1)Infrared

(2)Bluetooth

(3)Wi-Fi
 Infrared also called IR or IrDA (infrared data association)
user red light to send and receive information. Infrared light
has a frequency below what the eye can see. It is used for TV
remotes and other devices that operate over short distances
that are free of obstacles.
Bluetooth a standard for transmitting information in the form
of short range radio waves over distances of up to 30 feet and
is used for purposes such as wirelessly connecting a cell
phone or a PDA to a computer.
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) a standard for transmitting
information in the form of radio waves over distances up to
about 300 feet. Wi-Fi has several forms; for example, Wi-Fi is
called IEEE 802.11a, b or g, each of which is a unique
type.Wi-Fi is usually the type of wireless communication used
in a network environment.
Type Connection Range Information
Speed

Wireless G 54Mbps 150feet Wi-Fi. The fastest most advanced.

(802.11g) Compatible with 802.11b.

Wireless B 11Mbps 150feet Lowest cost solution.

(802.11b)

Wireless A 54Mbps 255feet Cordless phones, used in densely

(802.11a) populated areas.

Bluetooth 22Kbps 30feet Intended to replace peripheral

cables.

Infrared (IR) 75kbps 10feet Home-entertainment remote-

control boxes, wireless local area
networks, links between notebook
computers and desktop computers.
Carrier Technology Description Speed Comments
On demand access using a modem and
regular telephone line (POT)
Dial-up Access

2400 bps to 56 Kbps Cheap but slow.

Special cable modem and cable line

Cable
DSL (digital Subscriber Line)
required 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps Must have exiting caccess in area.
Thise technology use the unuse digital 128 Kbps to 08 Mbps Doesn’t inrefere with normal
portion of a regular copper telephone telephone use. Must be within
line to transmit and receive 5km (3.1 miles) of telephone company
information a speciol modem and swich.
adepter card are required.

Wireless access is gained by connecation to high 30 Mbps or more Can be used for high-speed data,
speed cellular like local multipoint broadcast TV, and wireless telephone
comunication system network via service.
wireless transmitter.

Satelite Newer versions have two-way satelite 6 Mbps or more Bandwidth is not shared.
access removing need for phone line.