UNIT- I

INTRODUCTION
TO
IC ENGINES
HEAT
HEAT AND WORK
 CONVERTIONS
• WORK can be completely converted into
HEAT but HEAT cannot be completely
converted into WORK .

• THE DEVISE WHICH CONVERTS

HEAT INTO WORK IS ENGINE
Classifications:

Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines)

External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)

Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines):

IC Engines are those in which combustion of
fuels take places inside engine cylinder (Example:
Petrol, Diesel,GAS)

External Combustion Engines (EC Engines):

EC Engines are those in which combustion of
fuels take places outside engine cylinder (Example:
Steam Engine, Steam turbine)
Classification of IC Engines:

a. According to the cycle of operation

Spark ignition engines(Petrol or Constant volume
or Otto cycle)
Compression ignition engines(Diesel or Constant
Pressure)
b. According to the type of fuel used
Petrol, Diesel, Gas Engine.
c. According to the method of fuel
SI & CI
d. According to the Process of combustion
Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual combustion cycle
Basic Parts of IC Engines:

cylinder,

cylinder head,

piston,

connecting rod,

crankshaft,

flywheel

Camshaft,

crankcase,

piston pin,

crankpin,

piston rings &oil ring

About Petrol Engine:
A petrol engine (also known as a gasoline engine in North America) is an
internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline).
Working Cycles Four Stroke Petrol Engine:
 It is also known as Otto cycle or constant volume cycle.
 Cycle of operation is completed in 4-strokes of the piston or 2 revolutions of the
crankshaft.
 Each stroke consists of 180°, of crankshaft rotation and hence a cycle consists of 720°of
crankshaft rotation.
2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev
4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev

Principle of Operation:
The series of operations of an ideal four-stroke SI engine are as follows
Suction Stroke or charging stroke

Compression Stroke

Expansion or Power Stroke or working stroke

Exhaust Stroke
Principle of Operation
Principle of Operation:

Stroke Valve Position

Suction Valve open
Suction Stroke
Exhaust Valve closed
Compression Stroke Both Valves closed
Expansion or Power
Both Valves closed
Stroke
Exhaust Valve open
Exhaust Stroke
Suction Valve closed
Suction Compression Ign.-Combn. Expansion Exhaust
FOUR STROKE SI ENGINE
FOUR STROKE ENGINE
Working Principles of Four Stroke Diesel Engine:
Increased pressure of combustion gases acts on piston -> converted
to rotary motion
Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines
2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev
4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev
Engine stroke:
A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by the piston (from
TDC to BDC)
1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston
Working Principles of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine

Strokes
Intake
Compression

Power
Exhaust
Working Principles Of Four Stroke Diesel Engine:
Intake stroke
Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut
Piston travels from TDC to BDC
Air drawn in

Compression stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Piston travels from BDC to TDC
Temperature and pressure of air increase
Working Principles Of Four Stroke Diesel Engine:
Power stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
Piston forced from TDC to BDC

Exhaust stroke
Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open
Piston moves from BDC to TDC
Combustion gases expelled
FOUR STROKE CI ENGINE
Working Principles Of Two Stroke Petrol Engine
Working Principles Of Two Stroke Petrol Engine
 Ignition types
Petrol Engine Diesel Engine
Spark Ignition Compression Ignition
Two Stroke Cycle Petrol Engine -
Construction

Construction :
•A piston reciprocates inside the cylinder
•It is connected to the crankshaft by means of connecting rod and
crank
•There are no valves in two stroke engines, instead of valves ports
are cut on the cylinder walls.
•There are three ports, namely inlet, exhaust and transfer ports.
•The closing and opening of the ports are obtained by the movement of
piston. The crown of piston is made in to a shape to perform this.
•A spark plug is also provided.

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Two stroke cycle Petrol Engines - Working

First Stroke : (Compression, ignition and inductance)

(Upward stroke of piston)
(a) compression:
• The piston moves up from Bottom Dead Centre (BDC)
to Top Dead Centre (TDC)
• Both transfer and exhaust ports are covered by the
piston.
• Air fuel mixture which is transferred already into the
engine cylinder is compressed by moving piston.
• The pressure and temperature increases
• at the end of compression.

24
Two stroke cycle Petrol Engines - Working

First Stroke : (Compression, ignition and

inductance) (Upward stroke of piston)
(b) Ignition and Inductance:
• Piston almost reaches the top dead centre
•The air fuel mixture inside the cylinder is ignited by means of
an electric spark produced by a spark plug
•At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered by the plane.
•Fresh air fuel mixture enters the crankcase through the inlet port

25
Two stroke cycle Petrol Engines - Working

Second Stroke: (Downward Stroke of the engine) :

(c)Expansion and Crankcase compression
•The burning gases expand in the cylinder
•The burning gases force the piston to move down. Thus useful
work is obtained.
•When the piston moves down, the air fuel mixture in the
crankcase is partially compressed.
This compression is known as Crank case compression.

26
Two stroke cycle Petrol Engines - Working

Second Stroke: (Downward Stroke of the engine) :

(d) Exhaust and transfer:
•At the end of expansion, exhaust port is uncovered.
•Burnt gases escape to the atmosphere.
•Transfer port is also opened. The partially compressed air fuel mixture
enters the cylinder through the transfer port.
•The crown of the piston is made of a deflected shape. So the fresh charge
entering the cylinder is deflected upwards in the cylinder.
•Thus the escape of fresh charge along with the exhaust
gases is reduced.

27
 Working Principles Of Two Stroke Diesel Engine

Compression
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Piston travels from BDC to TDC
Temperature and pressure of air increase

Power stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
Piston forced from TDC to BDC
Working Principles Of Two Stroke Diesel Engine

• Strokes
– Compression

– Power
– (Intake/Exhaust)
Working Principles Of Two Stroke Diesel Engine
 Application Of Four stroke Cycle Engine

Used in heavy vehicles

Buses,
Lorries,
Trucks etc.,

Application Of Two stroke Cycle Engine

Used in light vehicles
Bikes,
Scooters,
Mopeds
Ship propulsion
 Application Of Four stroke Petrol Engine
Buses ,Trucks
Mobile electric generating sets.
Small pumping sets with side cars

Application Of Four stroke Diesel Engine

30kw-Tractors
40to 100kw – jeeps, buses and trucks
200 to 400kw-Earthmoving m/c
100 to 35000kw-Marine application
 Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines
Petrol Engines
1. A petrol engine draws a mixture
of petrol and air during suction
stroke.
2. The carburettor is employed to
mix air and petrol in the required
proportion and to supply it to the
engine during suction stroke.
3. Pressure at the end of
compression is about 10 bar.
4. The charge (i.e. petrol and air
mixture) is ignited with the help of
spark plug.
Diesel Engines
A diesel engine draws only air during
suction stroke.
The injector or atomiser is employed
to inject the fuel at the end of
combustion stroke.
Pressure at the end of compression
is about 35 bar.
The fuel is injected in the form of fine
spray. The temperature of the
compressed air is sufficiently high to
ignite the fuel.
 Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines (contd..)
10. The maintenance cost is less.
11. The thermal efficiency is about
26%.
12. Overheating trouble is more due
to low thermal efficiency.
13. These are high speed engines.
14. The petrol engines are generally
employed in light duty vehicle
such as scooters, motorcycles
and cars. These are also used in
aeroplanes.
The maintenance cost is more.
The thermal efficiency is about
40%.
Overheating trouble is less due to
high thermal efficiency.
These are relatively low speed
engines.
The diesel engines are generally
employed in heavy duty vehicles
like buses, trucks, and earth
moving machines.
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Engine capacity : 177.4cc
Engine type : single cylinder, air cooled 4st
Max Power : 17.3bhp @ 8500rpm
Max Torque : 1.58kgm @ 6500rpm
Gear box : 5 speed constant mesh
Fuel system : carbureted
Front brake : 270mm petal disc brake
Rear brake : 200mm petal disc brake
Front suspension : Telescopic hydraulic fork
Rear suspension : gas shocks
Front tyre: 90/90 x17
Rear tyre : 110/80 x 17
Height : 100mm
Length : 2085mm
Width : 730mm
Ground clearance : 180mm
Kerb weight : 137kg
Fuel tank capacity : 16 liters