Superconductor’s Evolution

for
Power Transmission
Submitted By;
Dinesh Kumar
(218/07)
.
Outline
Superconductivity
- Definition
- Integration with power transmission
- Superconducting cables
- SFCL
- Limitation
- Future scenario.

References.

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 Superconductivity
Discovered by H. K. Onnes in 1911
First superconductor discovered is Hg with

critical temperature 4.15 K

Two types of superconductors -
 LTS (Metals like Zn, Al, Hg etc.)
 HTS(Metal oxides like oxides of Ln and Hg )
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Advantages of superconductor
power transmission
Light weight cables
Low power loss
High power and current carrying capacity
No interference
No use of oil as coolant
Easier and faster installation
Reduce use of land

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1-Superconducting cables:
Two types:

 Low temperature superconducting cables(LTS).

 High temperature superconducting cables(HTS).

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Properties of HTS cables:
 Cooled with LN2
 More convenient and reliable in the operation.
 Having non-ohmic losses and very high current
density.
 Cables enable to deliver the large power capability
with a considerable lower loss level (almost double).
 Smaller diameter in comparison with conventional
cables.
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1
Types of HTS cable:
 Cold Dielectric Superconducting Cable.
 Hot Dielectric Superconducting Cable.
A 1000A HTS cable was developed and tested successfully
by the lEE, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1998.

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1
Cold Dielectric Superconducting Cable
a

7
1
 Hot Dielectric Superconducting Cable
a

81
1
TRIAXIAL CABLE DESIGN
 Reduce material cost,
 Reduce cooling requirements, and
 Increase the energy efficiency.

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2-Super conducting fault
current limiter(SFCL):
It is a device which contribute:-
 Reduction of short circuit current.
 Improvement of stability.
 Reduction of withstand capability against
electromagnetic force of power apparatus.
 Automatic excessive current detecting &
recovering.
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Types of SFCL:
 Resistance type SFCL.
 Inductive type SFCL.
 Magnetic shielding type SFCL
 Rectifier type SFCL

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Rectifier type SFCL:

10.5kv/1.5 KA 3 Rectifier type SFCL by IEE,Chinese Academy of

Science(CAS).in 2004 which reduces short current from 3500A to
635A.
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Properties of superconducting
coil:
1- Having capability of withstanding

 High lightening surge voltage of 75 kv.

 Rated voltage of 10.5 kv.
 High pulse ac current of 1.5 kA.

2- Cryostat for SFCL made of epoxy material.

3- Structure in double pencakes. 13

Perfomance of SFCL:

Fig: Comparison of current with & without SFCL

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14
a

Fig: Bus voltage with & without SFCL

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High temp. superconducting
[HTS] transfomer
 This transformer uses superconducting winding
instead of copper conductors

 Using cryogenic system as a dielectric having

high current density & low impedance

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Properties:
 Low copper loss in windings
 Higher operating current density
 Improve voltage regulation
 Reduction in required static & dynamic VAR
capability
 Increase availability of reactive power from generator

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 Applications
Used when power transmitted has to be increased
within a given space.
Synchronous generator used superconductor wire in
place of iron magnet which is light and small.
In transformer, it eliminates the need of oil. For 30
MVA,
weight of conventional transformer = 45000 kg
weight of superconducting transformer = 20000 kg

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 Limitations
No base experience.

To maintain the required temperature is very

difficult.

Grains of HTS powder must be aligned properly in

order to let the current flow.

If fault occurs, then it is difficult to detect and

mitigate it. 19
 Future scenario
HTS replacement of overhead transmission line
Potential application of HTS in power system
After avoiding complexities in HTS transformers it
can be frequently used.
Development of HTS wire with sufficient
mechanical strength and resiliency to withstand
stretching and bending that occurs during cable
fabrication and installation
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 References:
1] J. Laumand, “Handbook of Superconductivity” , Vol 2 SectionH4
Institute of Physics Pub. Bristol,1998
2] Beiser.A, “Concepts of Modern Physics”, 6th ed., pp376-380, TMH
Publications, ND-2007.
3] Shahidepour,M., “Superconductor’s evolution for power transmission”,
IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, pp17-19, March/April 2005.
4] K.P.Thakur et al., “Numerical Computation of AC losses and flux
profiles in high-aspect-ratio superconducting strip in perpendicular AC
magnetic field”,IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, May
2009.

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 References (contd…)
5] Fassbinder,S., “Superconducting and Conventional Power Transmission
Cable Comparison”,The Global Community for Sustainable Energy
Professionals, 25th April’09.
6] “Superconducting Transmission Line System”, US Patent 4947007.
7] S.Yamaguchi et al., “Research Activities of DC Superconducting Power
Transmission Line in Chubu Univ.”,EUCAS 2007, Conference Series
97(2008) 012290.
8] McConnell,B.W., “Transformers- A Successful Application of HTS”,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.10. No.1, March
2000.
9] D. Hui et al., “Development and Test of 10.5kV/ 1.5kA HTS Fault
Current Limiter ”,IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity,
Vol.16, No.2, 2006.
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THANK YOU!
Model of HTS Cables:
1- By Southwire Company of Carrollton
2- nkt Cables of Cologne,Germany