m Explain the role of sampling in the research

process
m Distinguish between probability and
nonprobability sampling
m Understand the factors to consider when
determining sample size
m Understand the steps in developing a
sampling plan
 
 is the process
of selecting a small number of elements
from a larger defined target group
of elements such that
the information gathered
from the small group will allow judgments
to be made about the larger groups
2opulation

Element

Defined target
population

Sampling unit

Sampling frame

 
i t f i
t ti ttri t l t i t k
i it r r i l r
t r i i t l i
á Define the 2opulation of Interest
2 Identify a Sampling Frame (if possible)
3 Select a Sampling Method
4 Determine Sample Size
5 Execute the Sampling 2lan
m 2opulation of interest is entirely dependent on
Management 2roblem, Research 2roblems, and
Research Design
m Some Bases for Defining 2opulation:
½ Ôeographic Area
½ Demographics
½ Usage/Lifestyle
½ Awareness
m A list of population elements (people,
companies, houses, cities, etc ) from which units
to be sampled can be selected
m Difficult to get an accurate list
m 

 occurs when certain
elements of the population are accidentally
omitted or not included on the list
2robability Nonprobability
sampling sampling
2       
m Simple random m Convenience
sampling sampling
m Systematic random m Judgment sampling
sampling m Quota sampling
m Stratified random m Snowball sampling
sampling
m Cluster sampling

 


 i t f
r ilit li i i
r it q l r
f i l t
  
 

 is a
method of
probability sampling
in which the defined
target population is ordered
and the sample is selected
according to position using a s ip interval
m á: Obtain a list of units that contains an
acceptable frame of the target population
m 2: Determine the number of units in the list and
the desired sample size
m 3: Compute the s ip interval
m 4: Determine a random start point
m 5: Beginning at the start point, select the units by
choosing each unit that corresponds to the s ip
interval
    

 is a
method of
probability sampling
in which the population is divided
into different subgroups and samples
are selected from each
m á: Divide the target population into
homogeneous subgroups or strata
m 2: Draw random samples fro each stratum
m 3: Combine the samples from each stratum into
a single sample of the target population
 Convenience sampling relies
upon convenience and access

Judgment sampling relies upon belief

that participants fit characteristics

Quota sampling emphasizes representation

of specific characteristics

Snowball sampling relies upon respondent

referrals of others with li e characteristics
Research objectives Degree of accuracy

Resources Time frame

Knowledge of
target population Research scope

Statistical analysis needs

m ºow many completed uestionnaires do we need
to have a representative sample?
m Ôenerally the larger the better, but that ta es more
time and money
m Answer depends on:
½ ºow different or dispersed the population is
½ Desired level of confidence
½ Desired degree of accuracy
m Common Methods:
½ Budget/time available
½ Executive decision
½ Statistical methods
½ ºistorical data/guidelines
M See Table
m èariability of the population characteristic under
investigation
m Level of confidence desired in the estimate
m Degree of precision desired in estimating the
population characteristic