ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines

Focused Update Slide Set

Based on the 2007 Focused Update of the

ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of
Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial
Infarction (STEMI): A Report of the ACC/AHA
Task Force on Practice Guidelines

ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
 Ischemic Discomfort

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Presentation

Working Dx

ECG No ST Elevation ST Elevation

Non-ST ACS
Cardiac
Biomarker UA NSTEMI

Unstable Myocardial Infarction

Final Dx
Angina NQMI Qw MI
Libby P. Circulation 2001;104:365, Hamm CW, Bertrand M, Braunwald E, Lancet 2001; 358:1533-1538; Davies MJ. Heart 2000; 83:361-366.
Anderson JL, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1-e157, Figure 1. Reprinted with permission. ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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Hospitalizations in the U.S. Due to Acute
Coronary Syndromes (ACS)

Acute Coronary
Syndromes*

1.57 Million Hospital Admissions - ACS

UA/NSTEMI† STEMI

1.24 million .33 million

Admissions per year Admissions per year

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2007 Update. Circulation 2007; 115:69-171.
*Primary and secondary diagnoses. †About 0.57 million NSTEMI and 0.67 million UA.
ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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Analgesia

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 Analgesia

• Morphine remains Class I for STEMI

although may increase adverse events in
UA/NSTEMI
• NSAID medications increase mortality,
reinfarction, and heart failure in proportion to
degree of COX-2 selectivity
– Discontinue on admission for STEMI
– Do not initiate during acute phase of management

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Beta-Blockers

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 COMMIT: Study design

TREATMENT: Metoprolol 15 mg iv over 15 mins, then 200

mg oral daily vs matching placebo

INCLUSION: Suspected acute MI (ST change or LBBB)

within 24 h of symptom onset
EXCLUSION: Shock, systolic BP <100 mmHg, heart rate
<50/min or II/III AV block
1 OUTCOMES: Death & death, re-MI or VF/arrest up to 4
weeks in hospital (or prior discharge)
Mean treatment and follow-up: 16 days
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 Effects of Metoprolol
COMMIT (N = 45,852) Totality of Evidence (N = 52,411)

Death
13%
P=0.0006

ReMI
Increased
22%
early risk of
P=0.0002
shock

VF
15%
P=0.002

Risk factors for cardiogenic shock :heart failure, age > 70 , systolic blood Lancet. 2005;366:1622.
pressure < 120, sinus tachycardia > 110 or heart rate < 60, increased time ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
since onset of STEMI symptoms
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 Beta-Blockers
I IIa IIb III Oral beta-blocker therapy should be initiated in the first 24 hours
for patients who do not have any of the following: 1) signs of
heart failure, 2) evidence of a low output state, 3) increased risk*
for cardiogenic shock, or 4) other relative contraindications to
beta blockade (PR interval > 0.24 sec, 2nd- or 3rd-degree heart
block, active asthma, or reactive airway disease).

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Primary PCI

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 Options for Transport of Patients With
STEMI and Initial Reperfusion Treatment
Hospital fibrinolysis:
Door-to-Needle
within 30 min.
Not PCI
capable

Onset of 9-1-1 EMS on-scene EMS Inter-

symptoms of EMS • Encourage 12-lead ECGs. Triage Hospital
STEMI Dispatch • Consider prehospital fibrinolytic if Plan Transfer
capable and EMS-to-needle within
30 min.
PCI
capable
GOALS
5 8
min. EMS Transport
min.
Patient EMS Prehospital fibrinolysis EMS transport
EMS-to-needle EMS-to-balloon within 90 min.
within 30 min. Patient self-transport
Dispatch Hospital door-to-balloon
1 min. within 90 min.

Golden Hour = first 60 min. Total ischemic time: within 120 min.
Antman EM, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008. Published ahead of print on December 10, 2007. Available at
http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/j.jacc.2007.10.001. Figure 1. ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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Facilitated PCI

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 Facilitated PCI
A planned reperfusion strategy using full-dose fibrinolytic
therapy followed by immediate PCI is not recommended
and may be harmful.

Facilitated PCI using regimens other than full-dose

fibrinolytic therapy might be considered as a reperfusion
strategy when all of the following are present:
a. Patients are at high risk,
b. PCI is not immediately available within 90 minutes, and
c. Bleeding risk is low (younger age, absence of poorly
controlled hypertension, normal body weight).

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Rescue and Late PCI

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 Rescue PCI
A strategy of coronary angiography with intent to
perform PCI (or emergency CABG) is
recommended in patients who have received
fibrinolytic therapy and have:

a. Cardiogenic shock in patients < 75 years who are

suitable candidates for revascularization

b. Severe congestive heart failure and/or pulmonary

edema (Killip class III)

c. Hemodynamically compromising ventricular

arrhythmias.
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Anticoagulants

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 Anticoagulants
Patients undergoing reperfusion with fibrinolytics should
receive anticoagulant therapy for a minimum of 48 hours
(Level of Evidence: C) and preferably for the duration of
the index hospitalization, up to 8 days. (Level of Evidence:
A)

Anticoagulant regimens with established efficacy include:

♥ UFH (LOE: C)
♥ Enoxaparin (LOE:A)
♥ Fondaparinux (LOE:B)

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 Unfractionated Heparin

Advantages Disadvantages
 Immediate anticoagulation  Indirect thrombin inhibitor so
does not inhibit clot-bound
 Multiple sites of action in thrombin
coagulation cascade  Nonspecific binding to:
― Serine proteases
 Long history of successful
― Endothelial cells
clinical use
(can lead to variability in level
 Readily monitored by aPTT of anticoagulation)
and ACT
 Reduced effect in ACS
― Inhibited by PF-4
 Causes platelet aggregation

 Nonlinear pharmacokinetics

 Risk of HIT
Hirsh J, et al. Circulation. 2001;103:2994-3018. aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; ACT = activated coagulation time; PF-4 =
platelet factor 4; HIT = heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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 ExTRACT-TIMI 25: Primary End Point (ITT)
Death or Nonfatal MI
15

UFH
Primary End Point (%)

12 12.0%
17% RRR
9.9%
9
Enoxaparin

6
Relative Risk
0.83 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.90)
P<.001
3

Lost to follow-up = 3
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Days after Randomization
Adapted with permission from Antman EM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1477-1488. ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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 Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
Advantages Disadvantages
 Increased anti-Xa to anti-IIa activity  Indirect thrombin inhibitor
 inhibits thrombin generation more  Less reversible
effectively
 Difficult to monitor
 Induces ↑ release of TFPI vs UFH (no aPTT or ACT)
 Not neutralized by platelet factor 4  Renally cleared
 Less binding to plasma proteins (eg,  Long half-life
acute-phase reactant proteins)  more
 Risk of HIT
consistent anticoagulation
 Lower rate of HIT vs UFH
 Lower fibrinogen levels
 Easy to administer (SC administration)
 Long history of clinical studies and
experience, FDA-approved indications
 Monitoring typically unnecessary

Hirsh J, et al. Circulation. 2001;103:2994-3018. TFPI = tissue factor pathway inhibitor; UFH = unfractionated heparin;
SC = subcutaneous; aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time;
ACT = activated coagulation time. ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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Thienopyridines

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 CLARITY-TIMI 28 Primary Endpoint:
Occluded Artery (or D/MI thru Angio/HD)

Odds
OddsRatio
Ratio0.64
0.64
Occluded Artery or Death/MI (%)

25 36%
36% 21.7
Odds
Odds Reduction (95%
Reduction (95%CI
CI0.53-0.76)
0.53-0.76)
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P=0.00000036
15.0
15

10

n=1752 n=1739 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.6

0
Clopidogrel Placebo
Clopidogrel Placebo better better
LD 300 mg Sabatine N Eng J Med 2005;352:1179.
MD 75 mg STEMI, Age 18-75 ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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 COMMIT: Effect of CLOPIDOGREL on
Death In Hospital
Placebo + ASA:
1,846 deaths (8.1%)
Clopidogrel + ASA:
1,728 deaths (7.5%)
0.6% ARD
7% RRR
Dead
(%)

P = 0.03

N = 45,852
No Age limit ; 26% > 70 y
Lytic Rx 50%
No LD given

Chen ZM, et al. Lancet. 2005;366:1607.

Days Since Randomization (up to 28 days) ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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 Thienopyridines

Clopidogrel 75 mg per day orally should be added to

aspirin in patients with STEMI regardless of whether
they undergo reperfusion with fibrinolytic therapy or
do not receive reperfusion therapy.

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Secondary Prevention and
Long-Term Management

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 Secondary Prevention

• Ask, advise, assess, and assist patients to stop smoking

– I (B)
• Clopidogrel 75 mg daily:
– PCI – I (B)
– no PCI – IIa (C)
• Statin goal:
– LDL-C < 100 mg/dL – I (A)
– consider LDL-C < 70 mg/dL – IIa (A)
• Daily physical activity 30 min 7 d/wk, minimum 5
d/wk – I (B)
• Annual influenza immunization – I (B)

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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Smoking
• Status of tobacco use should be asked at every
2007 Goal:
visit.
Complete • Every tobacco user and family member who smoke
cessation.
should be advised to quit at every visit.
No exposure to • The tobacco user’s willingness to quit should be
environmental NEW
assessed.
tobacco smoke.
• The tobacco user should be assisted by counseling
and developing a plan for quitting.
• Follow-up, referral to special programs, or
pharmacotherapy (including nicotine replacement
and pharmacological rx) should be arranged.
• Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home
and work should be avoided. NEW
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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management
Goals Class I Recommendations
Blood
pressure If blood pressure is ≥ 140/90 mm Hg or ≥ 130/80 mm
Hg for patients with chronic kidney disease or
control:
2007 Goal:
diabetes:
< 140/90 mm
Hg or <130/80 • It is recommended to initiate or maintain lifestyle
mm Hg if modification (weight control, ↑ physical activity, alcohol
chronic kidney moderation, sodium ↓, and emphasis on ↑ consumption
disease or of fresh fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products).
diabetes CHANGED
TEXT
• It is useful as tolerated, to add blood pressure
medication, treating initially with beta-blockers and/or
ACE inhibitors, with the addition of other drugs such as
thiazides as needed to achieve goal BP.
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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Lipid • Starting dietary therapy in all patients is recommended. ↓
management: intake of sat. fats (< 7% of total calories), trans fatty acids
2007 goal: and cholesterol (< 200 mg/d).
LDL-C << than 100
mg/dL (if TG ≥ 200 • Adding plant stanol/sterols (2 g/d) and/or viscous fiber (>
mg/dL, non–HDL-C 10 g/d) is reasonable to further lower LDL-C. (Class IIa;
< 130 mg/dL LOE:A) NEW

• Promotion of daily physical activity and weight

management is recommended.

• It may be reasonable to encourage ↑ consumption of omega-

3 fatty acids in the form of fish or in capsule form (1 g/d) for
risk reduction. For treatment of elevated TG, higher doses are
usually necessary for risk reduction. (Class IIb; LOE: B)
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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Lipid • A fasting lipid profile should be assessed in all patients and
management: within 24 hours of hospitalization for those with an acute
2007 goal: cardiovascular or coronary event. For hospitalized patients,
LDL-C << than 100 initiation of lipid-lowering medication is indicated as
mg/dL (if TG ≥ 200 recommended below before discharge according to the
following schedule:
mg/dL, non–HDL-C
< 130 mg/dL • LDL-C should be < 100 mg/dL.
• Further reduction to < 70 mg /dL is reasonable. (Class IIa;
LOE: A) NEW
• If baseline LDL-C is ≥ 100 mg/dL, LDL-lowering drug rx
should be initiated.
• If on-treatment LDL-C is ≥ 100 mg/dL intensify LDL-
lowering drug rx (may require LDL-lowering combination is
recommended.
• If baseline LDL-C is 70 to 100 mg/dL, it is reasonable to
treat to LDL-C < 70 mg/dL. (Class IIa; LOE: B)
NEW ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management
Goals Class I Recommendations
Lipid
If TG are ≥ 150 mg per dL or HDL-C < 40 mg per dL, weight management,
management: physical activity, and smoking cessation should be emphasized.
(TG 200 mg/dL
or greater) If TGs are 200 to 499 mg per dL, non–HDL-C target should be less than 130
mg per dL.
Primary goal:
Non–HDL-C < If TGs are 200 to 499 mg/dL, non–HDL-C target is < 130 mg/dL. (Class I;
130 mg/dL LOE: B); further reduction of non–HDL-C to < 100 mg dL is reasonable. (Class
IIa; LOE: B)

Therapeutic options to reduce non–HDL-C include: NEW

•More intense LDL-C-lowering rx is indicated
•Niacin (after LDL-C-lowering rx) can be beneficial (Class IIa; LOE B)
•Fibrate therapy (after LDL-C-lowering rx) can be beneficial (Class IIa; LOE B)

If TG are ≥ 500 mg/dL, therapeutic options indicated

and useful to prevent pancreatitis are fibrate or niacin
before LDL-lowering rx; and treat LDL-C to goal after TG-
lowering rx. Achieving non–HDL-C < 130 mg/dL is recommended.

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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Physical activity: • For all patients, it is recommended that risk be assessed with
2007 Goal: a physical activity history and/or an exercise test to guide
30 min 7 d per prescription.
wk; minimum 5 d
per wk • For all patients, encouraging 30 to 60 min of moderate-
intensity aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, on most,
preferably all, days of the week, supplemented by an increase
in daily lifestyle activities (e.g., walking breaks at work,
gardening, household work).

• Advising medical supervised programs (cardiac

rehabilitation) for high-risk patients (e.g., recent acute coronary
syndrome or revascularization, HF) is recommended.

• Encouraging resistance training 2 d per week may be

NEW reasonable (Class IIb; LOE: C)
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 Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management
Goals Class I Recommendations

Weight It is useful to assess body mass index and/or waist

management: circumference on each visit and consistently
Goal: encourage weight maintenance/reduction through an
BMI 18.5 to 24.9 appropriate balance of physical activity, caloric
kg/m2 intake, and formal behavioral programs when
indicated to maintain/achieve a body mass index
between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2.
Waist circumference:
Women: < 35 in. (102 The initial goal of weight loss therapy should be to
cm) reduce body weight by approximately 10% from
Men: < 40 in. (89 cm) baseline. With success, further weight loss can be
attempted if indicated through further assessment.

If waist circumference (measured horizontally at the iliac

crest) is ≥ 35 inches (102 cm) in women and ≥ 40
inches (89 cm) in men, it is useful to initiate lifestyle
changes and consider treatment strategies for metabolic
syndrome as indicated. ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Diabetes
management: It is recommended to initiate lifestyle and
Goal: pharmacotherapy to achieve near-normal HbA1c.
HbA1c < 7%
Beginning vigorous modification of other risk
factors (e.g., physical activity, weight
management, BP control, and cholesterol
management as recommended above) is
beneficial.

Coordination of diabetic care with patient’s

primary care physician or endocrinologist is
beneficial.
NEW
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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Antiplatelet
agents/
For all post-PCI STEMI stented patients without
anticoagulants: aspirin resistance, allergy, or increased risk of
Aspirin bleeding, aspirin 162 to 325 mg daily should be
given for at least 1 month after bare-metal stent
implantation, 3 months after sirolimus-eluting stent
implantation, and 6 months after paclitaxel-eluting
stent implantation, after which long-term aspirin
use should be continued indefinitely at a dose of 75
to 162 mg daily.
CHANGED
TEXT
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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Antiplatelet
agents/ For all post-PCI patients who receive a drug-eluting
anticoagulants: stent (DES), clopidogrel 75 mg daily should be
given for at least 12 months if patients are not at
Clopidogrel high risk of bleeding.

For post-PCI patients receiving a bare metal stent

(BMS), clopidogrel should be given for a minimum
of 1 month and ideally up to 12 months (unless the
patient is at increased risk of bleeding; then it
should be given for a minimum of 2 weeks).

CHANGED
TEXT
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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management
Goals Class I Recommendations

Renin- ACE inhibitors should be started and continued indefinitely in all

Angiotensin- patients recovering from STEMI with LVEF ≤ 40% and for those
Aldosterone with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, unless
System contraindicated. CHANGED
TEXT
Blockers:
ACE ACE inhibitors should be started and continued indefinitely in
patients recovering from STEMI who are not lower risk (lower risk
Inhibitors
defined as those with normal LVEF in whom cardiovascular risk
NEW
REC factors are well controlled and revascularization has been
performed), unless contraindicated.

Among lower risk patients recovering from STEMI (i.e., those with
NEW normal LVEF in whom cardiovascular risk factors are well
REC controlled and revascularization has been performed) use of ACE
inhibitors is reasonable. (Class IIa; LOE: B)
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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Renin-
Use of ARBs is recommended in patients who are
Angiotensin-
intolerant of ACE inhibitors and have HF or have had a
Aldosterone
STEMI with LVEF ≤ 40%. CHANGED
System TEXT

Blockers:
ARBs
It is beneficial to use ARB therapy in other patients
NEW who are ACE-inhibitor intolerant and have
REC
hypertension.

NEW Considering use in combination with ACE inhibitors

REC in systolic dysfunction HF may be reasonable.
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Secondary Prevention and Long Term Management

Goals Class I Recommendations

Beta- It is beneficial to start and continue beta-

Blockers blocker therapy indefinitely in all patients
who have had MI, acute coronary
syndrome, or left ventricular dysfunction
with or without HF symptoms, unless
contraindicated.
CHANGED
TEXT

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CARDIAC REHBILITATION

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 Coronary Artery Disease
 MI is the single leading cause of death in America
– 47% of all MIs expected this year will result in death
1200000
Number of Heart Attacks

1000000

800000

600000 Non-fatal
Fatal
400000

200000
47%
0
2003
ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
 CAD Disease Risk Factors
Controllable Uncontrollable

 Tobacco  Age
 Lipids (Cholesterol)  Gender
 Blood pressure  Heredity
 Physical inactivity
 Excess body weight
 Diabetes
 Stress

ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

 What is Cardiac
Rehabilitation?
Exercise and lifestyle
modification
Supervised by nurses and
requires physician referral
An outpatient service at
Madison County Memorial
Hospital
Meets two to three times
a week

ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

 Components
of Cardiac Rehab?
Supervised progressive
exercise/activity
Nutrition
recommendations
Blood pressure and
cholesterol control

ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

More …

Smoking cessation
Stress management
Weight management
Diabetes control

ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

 Benefits of Participation
• Improved functional abilities

• Improved quality of life

• Reduction of lifestyle related risks

• Increased knowledge of disease process and prevention

strategies

• Improved ability to perform daily life activities

ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

 More benefits of participation...

Increased knowledge of
heart disease

Increased self-esteem and

confidence

Improved adherence to
healthy lifestyle choices
ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
 Who Is Eligible for
Cardiac Rehab?
For those who have had any of the following:
– Heart attack
– Bypass surgery
– Angina
– Angioplasty with or without stent placement
– Heart valve replacement surgery

ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

What is the cost of
cardiac rehab?
Most charges for outpatient cardiac rehab
are covered by insurance
Staff will assist in evaluating coverage and
calculating out of pocket costs (if any) prior to
starting
“Maintenance” programs are designed to
help patients continue their commitment to
exercise. These programs are not covered by
insurance.
ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
Cardiac Rehab Professionals:
Cardiac Rehab Partnership:
– Medical Director
– Referring Physicians
– Nurses
– Exercise Physiologists
– Dietitians/Nutritionists
– Social Services
– Psychosocial Services
– Pharmacists
ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
 Why is Cardiac Rehab
Important?

Cardiac Rehab will give you the tools,

knowledge, and motivation needed to fight the
progression of cardiovascular disease with your
“heart and soul”!

ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update

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ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update
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ACC/AHA 2007 STEMI Guidelines Focused Update