Introduction

.we discussed two ways in which electricity and

magnetism are related:
(1) An electric current produces a magnetic field.
(2) A magnetic field exerts a force on an electric
current or moving electric charge.
• These discoveries were made in 1820 – 1821.
• Scientists wondered: if electric currents
produce a magnetic field, does a magnetic
field produce electric currents?
• Joseph Henry (1797 – 1878) and Michael
Faraday (1791 – 1867) independently found, ten
years later, that this is so.
Michael Faraday
(1791 – 1867)
 Induced EMF
• Faraday found that a changing magnetic
field produces a current.
• Such a current is called an induced
current.
• Therefore, a changing magnetic field
induces an emf.
 Induced Current

Faraday suspected that a magnetic field would induce

a current, just like a current produces a magnet field.

He found that a steady current in X produced no current in

Y. Only when the current in X was starting or stopping
(i.e., changing) was a current produced in Y.
 Electric Flux

E =  E  dA

Electric flux through an open surface

 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s
Law
• Magnetic flux, B, passing through the
loop of area A, is defined as:

B =  B . dA

• The unit of magnetic flux is the tesla-meter2



which is called the weber. 1 Wb = 1 T m2

A

A
 Lenz’s Law
An induced emf always gives rise to a
current whose magnetic field opposes
the original change in flux.

An induced emf is always in a direction

that opposes the original change in flux
that caused it.
 Faraday’s Law of Induction
N = Number of
Lenz’s law
loops of wire
dB

Induced emf
= dtN

rate of change of magnetic flux.

I. Distance between coil and
magnet decreases.
Therefore, the magnetic field III. Current is
(and therefore the flux) through induced.
the coil increases.

II. To oppose this

upward increase in the
magnetic field (flux),
the field produced by
the induced current
points downward,
trying to maintain the
“status quo.”
I. Distance between magnet
and coil increases. III. Current is
So the magnetic field (and induced in the
therefore the flux) decreases. opposite direction
as the previous
case.

II. To oppose the

decrease in the upward
magnetic field (flux), the
induced current produces
an upward magnetic field,
trying to maintain the
“status quo.”
Since there is no change
in the magnetic flux, no
current is induced.
 How to Induce an EMF
• An emf can be induced whenever there is
a change in flux.
• Since B = BA cos  an emf can be
induced in three ways:
1. by a changing magnetic field B;
2. by changing the area of the loop in the field;
3. by changing the loop’s orientation  with
respect to the field.
 Case 1
I. Distance between coil and
magnet decreases. III. Current is
induced.
So the magnetic field (therefore
the flux) through the coil
increases.
II. To oppose this
upward increase in the
magnetic filed (flux),
the field produced by
the induced current
points downward.
 How to Induce an EMF
• An emf can be induced whenever there is
a change in flux.
• Since B = BA cos  an emf can be
induced in three ways:
1. by a changing magnetic field B;
2. by changing the area of the loop in the
field;
3. by changing the loop’s orientation  with
respect to the field.
 Case 2

Area through the

coil decreases
Therefore

A current can be induced by changing the area of the

coil. Here, the induced current tries to maintain the
original flux.
 How to Induce an EMF
• An emf can be induced whenever there is
a change in flux.
• Since B = BA cos  an emf can be
induced in three ways:
1. by a changing magnetic field B;
2. by changing the area of the loop in the field;
3. by changing the loop’s orientation  with
respect to the field.
 Case 3
Current in loop is induced clockwise to
oppose decrease in flux as loop is rotated.
……………….