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 INTRODUCTION

Whether the source of radiation is

- natural
- man-made
- small dose
- large dose
there will be biological effects.
RADIATION CAUSES IONIZATIONS OF:

 ATOMS
which may affect
 MOLECULES
which may affect
 CELLS
which may affect
 TISSUES
which may affect
 ORGANS
which may affect
 THE WHOLE BODY!!
 RADIATION MECHANISM THAT EFFECTS
CELL

 Direct effect
radiation INTERACTS with the atoms of the DNA
molecule, or some other cellular component critical to
the survival of the cell.
affect the ability of the cell to reproduce and, thus,
survive. Chromosomes do not replicate properly, or if
there is significant alteration in the information carried
by the DNA molecule, then the cell may be destroyed

 Indirect effect
radiation DO NOT INTERACTS directly to the atoms of
the DNA molecule, or some other cellular component.
DIRECT EFFECT
INDIRECT EFFECT
 CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO RADIATION
(FROM MOST SENSITIVE TO LEAST SENSITIVE)

Lymphocytes and
Blood Forming
Cells v Depend on regeneration
rate of the cells
v Cells which are actively
reproducing are more
Reproductive and sensitive than those
Gastrointestinal
(GI) Cells
which are not.
v A direct interaction of
radiation with an active
cell could result in the
death or mutation of the
Nerve and cell
Muscle Cells
TYPES OF RADIATION EFFECT ON CELLS
 ORGAN SENSITIVITY
(FROM MOST SENSITIVE TO LEAST SENSITIVE)
Blood Forming
Organs

Reproductive and The sensitivity of

Gastrointestinal
Tract Organs
the various organs
of the human body
correlate with the
relative sensitivity
of the cells
Skin
from which they are
composed.

Muscle and
Brain
 WHOLE BODY SENSITIVITY FACTORS
 Total Dose
 Type of Cell

 Type of Radiation

 Age of Individual

 Stage of Cell Division

 Part of Body Exposed

 General State of Health

 Tissue Volume Exposed

 Time Interval over which Dose is Received

CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
RADIATION

 High Doses (Acute)

exposure to high doses of radiation over short
periods of time producing acute or short term
effects.
kill cells damage tissues and organs
cause a rapid whole body response often
called the Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)
CATEGORIES OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
RADIATION

 Low Doses (Chronic)

Exposure to low doses of radiation over an
extended period of time producing chronic or
long term effects.
Don·t cause an immediate problem to any body
organ.
The effects of low doses of radiation occur at
the level of the cell, and the results may not be
observed for many years.
HIGH DOSE RADIATION EFFECT
 OTHER HIGH DOSE EFFECT
 Effects on the skierythema (2

   2
è rad) dry
desquamation ( ), and moist desquamation (  2
1,2 rad).
Skin effects are more likely to occur with exposure to low energy gamma, X-ray,
or beta radiation.
 ÷ 2  , also called epilation, is similar to skin effects and can occur after
acute doses of about r 2

 | 2 can be temporary or permanent in males, depending upon the dose.
In females, it is usually permanent, but it requires a higher dose. To produce
 2    2
      2
is required to the
reproductive organs.
 w  2  (a clouding of the lens of the eye) appear to have a threshold of
about D 2
. Neutrons are especially effective in producing cataracts,
because the eye has a high water content, which is particularly effective in
stopping neutrons.
 CATEGORIES OF EFFECTS OF
EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES RADIATION

 Genetic

 Somatic

 In- Utero
 GENETIC EFFECTS
 Mutation of the reproductive cells passed
on the offspring of the exposed individual.
 The Genetic Effect involves the mutation
of very specific cells, namely the sperm or
egg cells. Mutations of these reproductive
cells are passed to the offspring of the
individual exposed.
 SOMATIC EFFECTS
 Effect is suffered by the individual
exposed: Primary consequence is cancer.
 Somatic effects (carcinogenic) are, from an
occupational risk perspective, the most
significant since the individual exposed
(usually the radiation worker) suffers the
consequences (typically cancer).
 IN- UTERO EFFECTS
 Effects of radiation on embryo/ fetus:

Intrauterine Death

Growth Retardation

Developmental Abnormalities

Childhood Cancers

 The in- utero effect involves the

production of malformations in developing
embryos.
KESAN RADIASI KE ATAS MANUSIA

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M÷
Toyama (bandar) Penyakit ´itai- itaiµ Pencemaran
di Pulau Honshu ü badan menjadi lemah kadmium
akibat keracunan kadmium
yang menyerang sendi dan
tulang belakang
ü fungsi buah pinggang
(penapis bahan asing dan
asid sebelum masuk ke
dalam saluran darah)
terbantut
 M
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M÷
Sebuah bandar Penyakit Minamata Keracunan
yang terletak di ü sejenis sindrom neurologi raksa
pantai barat ü simptom- ketidakstabilan
bahagian selatan pergerakan akibat
Pulau Kyushu kegagalan serebelum otak
untuk berfungsi dengan
baik, gangguan deria rasa
pada tangan dan kaki,
pengurangan daya
penglihatan dan
pendengaran
ü simptom minamata
menyebabkan kematian
 p
 
 
Whole grains help to protect us from the deleterious health
effects of radiation exposure in several ways:
 Important with respect to radiation protection is the high
fiber and phosphorous contents in grains. The binding
ability of these substances helps the body to remove
poisons.
 The bulking factor of grains lessens the intestinal transit
time and so hasten the elimination of all toxins.
 Being neither very acid nor very alkaline, grains help us to
maintain the middle-range pH that has been found to
increase our resistance to radiation.
 Whole grains provide vitamin B6, which is indispensable
for the thymus. In addition, their calcium content guards
against uptake of radioactive strontium, and their vitamin
E and selenium prevent cellular damage caused by free
radicals.