From: 4 Sumaiyah and

4 Siti Aisyah
 The physical properties of
pure metal
properties reasons

high melting and boiling Strong force of

point attraction between the
negative charge and
positive charge

Good conductor of heat Presence of free electron

and electricity (in solid carried heat and
and molten state electricity energy
Malleable and ductile Layer of metal atom
can slide over each
other without
disrupting of metallic
bonding. Hence metallic
bonds are strong and
flexible
Have high density In solid state the atom
in a pure metal are
orderly arranged and
closely packed causes
pure metal to have high
density
 Metal are ductile

The orderly arrangement of atom in metal enable the

layer of atom to slide on one another when force is
applied as show in figure :

Force applied
 Metal are malleable

There are some imperfections in the orderly

arrangement of atom in metal that allow some empty
space in between the atom. When metal is knock ,atom
slide. This is why metal are malleable.

Force
applied
 WHAT ARE ALLOYS?
• Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They
also have a low resistance to corrosion. They rush
and tarnish easily.

• To improve the physical properties of metal, a small

amount of another element (usually metal) is added
to form another an alloy.

• An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals

(something non-metal) in a specific proportion. For
example:
– Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)
– Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)
The purposes of making alloys
include the following:
– Increase the strength

» Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a

small amount of carbon is added to iron, an alloy,
steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the
stronger the steel becomes.

» Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a

small amount of copper and magnesium are
added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable
alloy call duralumin is produced.
Purpose making alloy

– Improving the resistance to

corrosion

» Iron rust easily but stainless steel which

contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon, 18% of
chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These
properties make stainless steel suitable for
making surgical instrument and cutlery.

» Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is

added, the yellow alloy which is known as brass
develops a high resistance to corrosion.
Purpose making alloy
-Enhancing the appearance

• Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is

not only hard but also has a more beautiful white
silvery appearance.

• When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel,

an alloy that has an attractive silvery, bright
appearance is formed which is suitable for making
coins.
 Composition , properties and uses
of alloy
Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Bronze *90% copper *hard and *in the building

*10% tin strong of statues or
monuments
*does not
corrode easily *in the making
of medals,
*has shiny sword and
surface artistic material

Brass *70% copper *harder than *in the making

*30% zinc copper of musical
instrument and
kitchenware
Steel *99% iron *hard and strong *in the
construction of
*1%carbon building and
bridge
*in the building
of body of car
and railway
track

Stainless steel *74% iron *shiny *in the making

*8%carbon *strong cultery
*18% chromium *does not rust *in the making
surgical
instrument
Duralunium *93% aluminium *light In the building of
*3% copper *strong the body of
*3% magnesium aeroplane and
bullet trains
*1% manganese

Pewter *96% tin *lustre In the making of

*3% copper *shiny souvenirs
*1% antimony *strong
Arrangement of atom in alloy