CDMA

- Code Division Multiple Access

Presented By Isha Joshi ECEECE-3rd year

Multiple Access Systems

Multiple Access Systems Wireless telecommunications has dramatically increased in popularity, resulting in the need for technologies that allow multiple users to share the same frequency. These are called "multiple access systems." The three types of multiple access system are: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) These multiple access systems have very different approaches to the bandwidth problem.

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Each FDMA subscriber is assigned a specific frequency channel. No one else in the same cell or a neighboring cell can use the frequency channel while it is assigned to a user. This reduces interference, but severely limits the number of users.

FDMA Cocktail Party

Think of a noisy cocktail party where it gets harder to hear a conversation. The FDMA host solves the problem by allowing only two guests to use each room at a time. The two guests have continuous access to their room, but not very many people can come to the party.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

TDMA users share a common frequency channel, but use the channel for only a very short time. They are each given a time slot and only allowed to transmit during that time slot. When all available time slots in a given frequency are used, the next user must be assigned a time slot on another frequency. These time slices are so small that the human ear does not perceive the time slicing.

TDMA Cocktail Party

TDMA is like a cocktail party where multiple pairs of guests have access to the room, but only one pair can use the room at a time. They must then leave and allow another couple to enter. Throughout the evening all the guests rotate using the room.

Code Division Multiple Access

CDMA users share a common frequency channel. All users are on the same frequency at the same time. However, each pair of users is assigned a special code that reduces interference while increasing privacy.

CDMA Cocktail Party

CDMA is like a cocktail party where everyone is in the same room talking at the same time. However, each pair of guests uses a different language to communicate. Using different languages makes it very easy for the guests to tune in to what the person speaking their language is saying and tune out everyone else.

Comparison of multiple access systems

This table summarizes some of the technical aspects of the multiple access technologies. The technology used determines the channel's capacity. TDMA triples the capacity of FDMA, but CDMA capacity can be up to seven times that of TDMA.

Features of CDMA
The following features are unique to CDMA technology: Universal frequency reuse Fast and accurate power control Rake receiver Different types of handoff

Frequency reuse
The frequency spectrum is a limited resource. Therefore, wireless telephony, like radio, must reuse frequency assignments. For example, two radio stations might transmit at 91.3 FM. There is no interference as long as the radio stations are far enough apart.

Cell interference
Cell A and B of a conventional, analog system are using the same frequency. The area of overlap, area C, has a frequency conflict and interference. This is similar to what you experience when you are driving between the broadcast zones of two radio stations transmitting at the same frequency.

FDMA and TDMA frequency reuse planning

A frequency (channel) can be used again within an FDMA or TDMA network, but cells using the same frequency must be separated by an appropriate distance. Adjacent cells must be assigned a different set of frequencies. For example, a cell using frequency A must not be adjacent to another cell using frequency A. As a result, each cell site in the site is able to use only 1/7 of the possible frequencies.

CDMA frequency reuse planning

Each BTS in a CDMA network can use all available frequencies. Adjacent cells can transmit at the same frequency because users are separated by code channels, not frequency channels. This feature of CDMA, called "frequency reuse of one," eliminates the need for frequency planning.

Power control
Power control is a CDMA feature that enables mobiles to adjust the power at which they transmit. This ensures that the base station receives all signals at the appropriate power. The CDMA network independently controls the power at which each mobile transmits. Both forward and reverse links use power control techniques.

Why power control is needed

If all mobiles transmitted at the same power level, the base station would receive unnecessarily strong signals from mobiles nearby and extremely weak signals from mobiles that are far away. This would reduce the capacity of the system. This problem is called the near-far problem.

Rake Receiver
The rake receiver is a CDMA feature that turns what is a problem in other technologies into an advantage for CDMA.

The multi-path problem

Signals sent over the air can take a direct path to the receiver, or they can bounce off objects and then travel to the receiver. These different paths, called multi-paths, can result in the receiver getting several versions of the same signal but at slightly different times. Multi-paths can cause a loss of signal through cancellation in other technologies.

How the rake receiver works

CDMA's rake receiver is multiple receivers in one. The rake receiver identifies the three strongest multipath signals and combines them to produce one very strong signal. The rake receiver therefore uses multipath to reduce the power the transmitter must send. Both the mobile and the BTS use rake receiver

Handoff in CDMA
Handoff is the process of transferring a call from one cell to another. This is necessary to continue the call as the phone travels. CDMA is unique in how it handles handoff.

Types of CDMA handoff

CDMA has three primary types of handoff: hard soft idle The type of handoff depends on the handoff situation.

Soft handoff
A soft handoff establishes a connection with the new BTS prior to breaking the connection with the old one. This is possible because CDMA cells use the same frequency and because the mobile uses a rake receiver. The CDMA mobile assists the network in the handoff. The mobile detects a new pilot as it travels to the next coverage area. The new base station then establishes a connection with the mobile. This new communication link is established while the mobile maintains the link with the old BTS. Soft handoffs are also called "make-before-break."

Variations of the soft handoff

There are two variations of soft handoffs involving handoffs between sectors within a BTS: Softer Soft-softer The softer handoff occurs between two sectors of the same BTS. The BTS decodes and combines the voice signal from each sector and forwards the combined voice frame to the BSC. The soft-softer handoff is combination handoff involving multiple cells and multiple sectors within one of the cells

CDMA hard handoff

A hard handoff requires the mobile to break the connection with the old BTS prior to making the connection with the new one. CDMA phones use a hard handoff when moving from a CDMA system to an analog system because soft handoffs are not possible in analog systems. A Pilot Beacon Unit (PBU) at the analog cell site alerts the phone that it is reaching the edge of CDMA coverage. The phone switches from digital to analog mode as during the hard handoff. Hard handoffs are also called "break-beforemake."

When does CDMA use a hard handoff?

The CDMA hard handoff may be used when moving from a CDMA network to an analog one. It may also be used when moving to a different: RF channel MTSO Carrier Market Analog to CDMA handoff is not available due to the limitations of analog technology.

CDMA idle handoff

An idle handoff occurs when the phone is in idle mode. The mobile will detect a pilot signal that is stronger than the current pilot. The mobile is always searching for the pilots from any neighboring BTS. When it finds a stronger signal, the mobile simply begins attending to the new pilot. An idle handoff occurs without any assistance from the BTS.

TDMA and FDMA handoff

TDMA and FDMA systems use a hard handoff when the mobile is moving from one cell site to another. These technologies do not allow for any type of make-before-break handoff. A hard handoff can increase the likelihood of a dropped call.

Advantages of CDMA
CDMA technology has numerous advantages including: Coverage Capacity Clarity Cost Compatibility Customer satisfaction

Coverage
CDMA's features result in coverage that is between 1.7 and 3 times that of TDMA: Power control helps the network dynamically expand the coverage area. Coding and interleaving provide the ability to cover a larger area for the same amount of available power used in other systems.

Capacity
CDMA capacity is ten to twenty times that of analog systems, and it's up to four times that of TDMA. Reasons for this include: CDMA's universal frequency reuse CDMA users are separated by codes, not frequencies Power control minimizes interference, resulting in maximized capacity. CDMA's soft handoff also helps increase capacity. This is because a soft handoff requires less power.

Clarity
Often CDMA systems can achieve "wireline" clarity because of CDMA's strong digital processing. Specifically: The rake receiver reduces errors The variable rate vocoder reduces the amount of data transmitted per person, reducing interference. The soft handoff also reduces power requirements and interference. Power control reduces errors by keeping power at an optimal level. CDMA's wide band signal reduces fading. Encoding and interleaving reduce errors that result from fading.

Cost
CDMA's better coverage and capacity result in cost benefits: Increased coverage per BTS means fewer are needed to cover a given area. This reduces infrastructure costs for the providers. Increased capacity increases the service provider's revenue potential. CDMA costs per subscriber has steadily declined since 1995 for both cellular and PCS applications.

Compatibility
CDMA phones are usually dual mode. This means they can work in both CDMA systems and analog cellular systems. Some CDMA phones are dual band as well as dual mode. They can work in CDMA mode in the PCS band, CDMA mode in the cellular band, or analog mode in an analog cellular network.

Customer satisfaction
CDMA results in greater customer satisfaction because CDMA provides better: Voice quality Longer battery life due to reduced power requirements No cross-talk because of CDMA's unique coding Privacy--again, because of coding.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENDANCE !!!