NANOTECHNOLOGY

QUANTUM COMPUTERS
Sou. Venutai Chavan Polytechnic By:- Akshay Diwakar Aditya Kumakale

INTRODUCTION
The meaning of term COMPUTER has evolved from a mere calculating machine to a full fledged multi-tasking entertainment device.

Evolution of Computers

Types of nanocomputers

Electrical

Whats a QUANTUM Computer?

Its basically a device based on quantum mechanics. Imagine a machine that could do calculations about a billion times faster than todays silicon computers. Imagine one that would be as many times more efficient. Imagine one that would bring in a whole new era of technological advancement and computing power .

STOP imagining!!!

 The basis for the idea of a quantum nanocomputer came from the work of Paul Benioff and Richard Feynam during the 1980s.

It uses a totally new principle of physics and goes away from classical mechanics into the realm of quantum physics .

1.Moores Law
According to Moore s Law, the number of transistors that will fit on a silicon chip doubles every eighteen months.
Presently, microprocessors have more than forty million transistors; by 2012 they could have up to five billion. By the year 2020, the trend line of Moore s law states that there should be a one nanometer feature size.

Transistors
The transistor is the most important component of a computer today.
More transistors = larger computer memories and more powerful computers

 If Moore's law continues unabated, then each transistor is predicted to be as small as a hydrogen atom by about 2030. However, rather than be a hindrance, it is possible to exploit the quantum physics as a new way to do computation. And this new way opens up fantastic new computational power based on the wave nature of quantum particles.

2.Particle-Wave Duality
We normally think of electrons, atoms and molecules as particles. But each of these objects can also behave as waves.This dual particle-wave behaviorwas first suggested in the 1920's by Louis de Broglie.

3.Superpositioning
It basically means,that two things can overlap each other without interfering with each other.

4.BITS & QUBITS

Fundamental unit of information is Quantum bit or Qubit.

About Qubits
Exists as a 0, a 1 or simultaneously as a superposition of both 0 & 1 with a numerical coefficient representing the probability for each state

5.Quantum Computing Parallelism

The most exciting feature of quantum computing is quantum parallelism.

Parallelism allows a quantum computer to work on a million computation at once.

6.Main Applications
a) Quantum Entanglement b) Quantum Teleportation

b) Quantum Teleportation

Other Apps:
c) Encryption technology d) Ultra-secure and Super-dense Communications e) Improved Error Correction and Error Detection f) True Randomness

Limitations
The main problem with this technology is instability. Instantaneous electron energy states are difficult to predict and even more difficult to control.
An electron can easily fall to a lower energy state, emitting a photon A photon striking an atom can cause one of its electrons to jump to a higher energy state.

Future Development
For now at least, the world of cryptography is safe because the quantum computer is very difficult to implement. The most successful experiments only being able to add one and one together. Nobody can tell if the problems being experienced by researchers can be overcome. The very thing that makes them powerful, also makes them extremely fragile .

Conclusion
A quantum computer has the theoretical capability of simulating any finite physical system and may even hold the key to creating an artificially intelligent computer. Complex encryption & faster decryption of data enhancing cyberspace security.

References:
 "Quantum Computing with Molecules" article in Scientific American by Neil Gershenfeld andIsaac L. Chuang.  Gregg Jaeger (2006). Quantum Information: An Overview.  David P. DiVincenzo (2000). "The Physical Implementation of Quantum Computation". Experimental Proposals for Quantum Computation.  The Topsy Turvy World of Quantum Computing by Justin Mullins, IEEE spectrum,February 2001.

THANK YOU!!!

QUESTIONS???