Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MArch 1
Client: Corporation of Lloyd's of London Bussiness nature: Insurance Design Team: Richard Rogers Partnership Structural Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners Services Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners Quantity Surveyor: Monk Dunstone Mahon & Sears Lighting: Friederich Wagner of Liccttehnische Planung Acoustics: Sandy Brown Associates
General information
Site description The Lloyds Building is located on Leadenhall Street in the heart of the financial district of the city of London. The site is awkwardly shaped due to the medieval character of Londons street plan. Typical of medieval streets, the streets surrounding the Lloyds Building are tight and winding, providing a sharp contrast between solid and void, between building and street.
site
Description The Lloyds Building, consisting of twelve stories to the north, stepping down to six stories to the south, was a replacement for the previous buildings which Lloyds of London occupied but found to be too small for its continued growth. Presently, the Lloyds Building with its 52,200 square metres gross area (37,500 square metres net area) is a 66 percent increase over the Cooper buildings it replaced. "The Room" takes all the area of the ground floor and extends into the upper second, third, and fourth floors. Office spaces take up the remaining upper floors.
General information
Expansion continue growth leads to need of expansion and flexible structural and services layout
The Corporation of Lloyds of London had already moved several times in attempt to suit its continued growth before acquiring the site on Leadenhall Street in the 1920s. During the World War II, German bombs flattened the adjacent sites; however, the Cooper building in which Lloyds resided survived. In 1950, Lloyds, foreseeing a further need for expansion bought the surrounding sites and began to build the "new" Lloyds. This new building, completed in 1958, was linked to the 1928 building by a 38-foot bridge spanning over Lime Street. Continued growth of Lloyds quickly led them to reevaluate their situation and again look for ways to expand. By the 1960s and 1970s, the 1958 building was already too small and Lloyds now began to look at 1928 building as a possibility in meeting their expansionist ideals. The 1928 building ultimately became their solution. Although listed (grade II) by the government, it was allowed by the City to be demolished in 1981 in place of the current Lloyds Building, which was completed in 1986.
General information
Climatic Summary Latitude: 51 09 N Longitude: 000 11 W Elevation: 62 m London has a relatively cool climate year round. Temperatures range from 22 degrees Celsius in the summer to 0 degrees Celsius in the winter. London receives substantial amounts of precipitation throughout the year. The sky conditions are largely overcast and the wind comes primarily from the southwest with a speed of approximately 10 knots.
Climate
Strategic diagram for services -use of natural light while with insulation -Consideration of the future need of electronics facilities -Growth
Strategy
Services Strategy 1
Natural light
Strategy 2
Utilities rooms generator room, air handling units, water tank, services shaft, lavatories
Piping supply/ return air duct, water supply, drainage, lighting, fire service piping
Services
Strategy 1
break1
Strategy 1 - Natural lighting Stepping Form The Lloyds Building, consisting of twelve stories to the north, stepping down to six stories to the south, sunlight penetration thus utilized. the incorporation of the atrium The atrium was a key feature in the reduction of the loads coming from lighting. The atrium increases in volume and surface area as it progresses toward the south. The office levels increase as the progress northward allowing a large surface area for diffused light coming from the north. A significant amount of natural lighting reaching down into "The Room" demonstrates the success in the design of the atrium. Furthermore, every location in the building is located within 7 meters from a natural source of light.
Strategy 2
Break 2
Preliminary Sizing of Mechanical Systems Preliminary estimates indicate that the Lloyd's Building with a 500,000 sq. ft. gross area would require the following sizing in environmental control systems. Cooling capacity: 5250 Mcal/sec Total space for boiler and chilled water plant: 1000 sq.m Space for cooling towers: 110 sq.m Cooling air volume: 148 cu.m/sec Area of main supply or return ducts: 18 sq.m Area of branch supply or return ducts: 29 sq.m Area of fan rooms: 950 sq.m Area of fresh air louvers: 117 sq.m
Services data
It was Kahns notion of served and servant spaces inspired Rogers. In the case of Llyods, servant spaces concentrate in towers.
Served zone
Servant towers with incorporation of raised flooring system and ceiling viod
Served zone
Servant towers with incorporation of raised flooring system and ceiling void The services towers, 3 of them principally for fire fighting and escape.
The other 3 for lifts, lavatories and risers, are the visual expression of the Kahnian doctrine of served and servant spaces
Servant tower plan
The towers form a flexible framework for the ventilation plant, lifts, service risers and lavatories (all the 33 lavatory units were manufactured and fitted out) attached to them. Four towers carry major plant-rooms, with mains services running vertically down the towers and connected into each level of the building. The largest services duct contained the air-conditioning, with lesser duct for water, drains, power and electronics
service risers with ducts for water, drains, power and electronics running vertically down the towers and connected into each level of the building
Access and escape routes were provided by means of lifts and staircases
The largest services duct contained the airconditioning running vertically down the towers and connected into each level of the building.
Integration
integration
Supply ductworks Sprinkler head Silver aluminum light spill ring Black painted spun aluminum luminaries shield 440mm deep service void
Raised fl & ceiling void- section deatil
Extracted ductworks
Air conditioning
Sub-Air conditioning
The extracted air is passed to the perimeter of the building and forced through the triple-layered exterior glazing ensuring an almost zero heat loss from the offices during the winter and reducing heat gain in summer. Clear double glazed window operable at office Conditioned air is distributed through a sub-floor plenum into the offices
Supply ductworks
Extracted ductworks
The operable window allows individuals the ability to "acquire" fresh air if the feel it necessary. The placement of the window encourages individuals to work while sitting rather than standing since that is where the views are held. It also allows interior light to be reflected back into the interior during the night and diffuses direct sunlight during the day. The need to take mechanical systems into careful consideration when designing energy conscious builidings is made evident when one compares the the overall space that they consume in a building in relation to the human being
Air cond. & heat cycle1
Served zone
The largest services duct contained the airconditioning running vertically down the towers and connected into each level of the building.
Air cond.
The heat cycle Heat from the return air is collected in the basement sprinkler tanks and re-used. The internal concrete soffits and slabs are heat sinks, absorbing heat during occupation and being cooled off overnight using naturally chilled night air. This allow cooling to follow a 24-hour cycle and reduces the peak cooling requirement.
Air handling equipment is located at basement level and in four service tower plant-rooms.
boiler
Sub-station generators
chillers
Lower basement room provided services for lower basement level to G/F level
Lighting
Sub-lighting
Lighting
Multi-functioned luminaries
triple glazing and ventilation cavity ensuring an almost zero heat loss from the offices during the winter and reducing heat gain in summer.
Every location in the building is located within 7 meters from a natural source of light. Furthermore, a significant amount of natural lighting reaching down into G/F through the atrium demonstrates the success in the design of the atrium.
Lighting
Sub-power&ele
350mm deep raise floor services plenum housed the power and electronic conduit
Served zone
service risers with ducts for water, drains, power and electronics running vertically down the towers and connected into each level of the building
Fire protection
Sub-fire
Fire protection
Sprinkler system was hold in the ceiling void and sprinkler heads were incorporated into the multi-functioned luminaries
Sprinkler head
Fire protection
Served zone
Access and escape routes were provided by means of lifts and staircases
Fire protection
Structural system
Structural system
Description The basic form of the building is that of a large atrium, surmounted by steel and glass arched roof, surrounded by galleries (12levels of them on the north side) which contain the bulk of the underwriting space and a variable a mount of lettable space, depending on the changing accommodation need of the Llyods market itself.
The floors were constructed on reinforced concrete columns on a 10.8x18metre grid. The load is transferred between the columns and the floor beams by means of a pre-casted bracket. Pre-cast yokes cast into inverted U-beam transmit the loads of the floor grid to the perimeter columns via the brackets. The great columns, both the exterior of the building and within the atrium, stand proud of the cladding, increasing the highly articulated Gothic effects of Llyods. External cross-braces are actually made of steel tube concrete grid open to view.
description
Design of the atrium roof A lightweight contrast to the concrete superstructure of the building
The floors were constructed on reinforced concrete columns on a 10.8x18metre grid. The load is transferred between the columns and the floor beams by means of a precasted bracket. Pre-cast yokes cast into inverted U-beam transmit the loads of the floor grid to the perimeter columns via the brackets. The great columns, both the exterior of the building and within the atrium, stand proud of the cladding, increasing the highly articulated Gothic effects of Llyods. External cross-braces are actually made of steel tube concrete grid open to view.
By using beams with parallel sides and sharp arises Rogers emphasizes that the floor is a grid not a solid, coffered slab
Yokes
concrete bracket
In situ concrete was latter substituted. U-beams transfer the loads of the floor grid to the columns via a bracket system
yoke
assemble
Services supports
Axonometrics of the pre-cast concrete kit of parts for the sevices towers
services support
section
Photos
Photos
A significant amount of natural lighting reaching down into G/F demonstrates the success in the design of the atrium.
Photos atrium
mains services running vertically down the towers and connected into each level of the building through the raised floor and ceiling void.
photos - services
Servant towers with incorporation of raised flooring system and ceiling void
All the 33 prefabricated lavatory pods were brought to the site on trucks and then hoisted into position prior to linking up to the service riser
Undoubtedly, the Llyods building demonstrated Richard Rogers and his engineers very best skill in handling the appropriate building sevices and structural systems. It suits very well of the need of growth And the future development of IT, thus the need of electronics spaces. It is overwhelming
Conclusion
However, is that Le Corbusier taught us to design like a machine ? Do not forget architecture.
conclusion