Introduction to Chemistry

Form 4 MRSM Felda By: Helwa Fathi Hadzri

Chemistry & its important

The study of composition, structure, properties and interaction of matter NaCl(salt), CH3COOH(vinegar), CaCO3(marble tiles) Biochemist, Chemical engineer, Forensic scientist Chemical-based industries - jobs, development - automobile industry

Scientific method
Systematic method used to solve problems in science
Making observation Making inference Identifying problem Making hypothesis Collecting data Planning experiment Controlling variables Identifying variables Interpreting data Making conclusion Writing report

Chapter 2: The structure of the atom

MRSM Felda Form 4 By: Helwa Fathi Bt Hadzri

The structure of the Atom

Tiny and discrete particles has mass Has spaces between the particles

occupies space

MATTER

Particles in motion

Atom
The smallest particles Metals, non-metals C, He

Molecule
A group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together Elements, compounds H2, H20

Ion
A positively-charged or negatively-charged particle NaCl (salt)

Diffusion
Particles in a matter are in motion Experiment: Diffusion of bromine Diffusion: when particles of a substance move in between the particles of another substance (bromine & air) Solids Liquids Gases (most rapid) Due to the different arrangement and movement of particles

Diffusion of bromine

The kinetic theory of matter

Matter Solid Packed closely together In order manner Strength of forces Strong forces between particles Vibrate and rotate at a fixed position Rate of collision Volume and shape _ Fixed volume and shape Liquid Packed closely together Not in orderly Strong forces, weaker then solid s Vibrate, rotate and move throughout the liquid, collide with each other Fixed volume, no fixed shape but takes the shape of the container Cannot be compressed easily Gas Very far apart Random motion Weak forces Vibrate, rotate and move freely greater than liquid s Does not have a fixed volume and shape Can be compressed easily Arrangement

Ability to be compressed

Cannot be compressed

The change in states of matter

Caused by heating and cooling The inter-conversion of the states of matter

MELTING
Solid is heated Particles gain energy

Temperature increases
Vibrate more vigorously and faster

Gain enough energy

enable to overcome the forces that hold at their fixed positions

Liquids

Melting point: The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at particular pressure

FREEZING
Liquid is cooled Particles lose energy

Move slower

Do not have enough energy to move freely

Solid

Freezing point: The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid at particular pressure

The heating curve of Naphthalene

The cooling curve of Naphthalene

The Atomic Structure

John Dalton
Small, indivisible ball (tiny ball)

J.J.Thomson
Electron: charge known as electron A sphere with + charge and few electron

Ernest Rutherford
Proton: + charge Nucleus: central region where proton and most of the mass concentrated Electron move in space larger than nucleus

Neils Bohr
The electrons move in shells around the nucleus

James Chadwick
Neutrons: the neutral particles in the nucleus, contribute approx. the mass of atom

Subatomic particles of an atom

An atom is made by 3 subtomic particles: Proton, neutrons, electrons Have different masses and electric charges Measured relative to a proton, very33x small Mass of proton, neurons > electrons Nucleus = + charge due to the highly +ly-charged protons Atom = neutral (no. of protons = no. of electrons)

Atom structure

 Proton number: the number of protons in its atom Nucleon number: The total number of protons and neutrons in its atom Nucleon no. = Proton no. + No. of neutrons Example proton no. : Na (11), O (8)

Symbol of elements
Examples:
Element Hydrogen Carbon Aluminium
#name symbol

Symbol H C Al K

Potassium

Isotope
Atoms of the same element with the same no. of proton but different no. of neutron Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-2 = deutrium Hydrogen-3 = tritium

Uses of isotopes
Two types of isotopes: Radioactive Nonradioactive

Cobalt-60 Carbon-14 Phosphorus-32

Radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer Its gamma rays used to destroy the bacteria in food without changing the quality of food Carbon dating to estimate the age of fossils and artifacts

In phosphate fertilizers, which the metabolism of phosphorus in plants can be studied

The electronic structure of an atom

Numbered starting from the closest to the nucleus Electron arrangement: Cl 2.8.7 Valence electron: The electrons in the outermost occupied shell