MARKET SURVEY OF

Guided By: Ar. Riddhi Desai

Prepared By: Mosam Choksi Hardik Lalwala Dhruv wadiwala Darshini Intwala Pooja Mistry Vishwa Patel Hemangi Rangrej Harshini Papaiya

Hina Ramchandani

INT O U TION OF WOO

Wood is a hard, fibrous tissues found in many plants .Wood is a natural product and when used responsibly is a sustainable resource which need not result in damage to the environment. It has been used for centuries for both FUEL and as a CONSTRUCTION material for several types of living areas such as HOUSES.  Wood is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood may also refer to the other plant materials with comparable properties and material made from wood or wood chips and fiber. If a wood is cut into longitudinal section then we can see the KNOT and ANNUAL RINGS.

A KNOT is a particular type of imperfection in piece of a WOOD. They are the Roots or bases of small branches of the tree It is also classified according to their form, size, soundness and the firmness with which they are held in place .

IN clear seasons, growth can occur in a discrete annual or seasonal pattern ,leading to GROWTH RINGS, it can be clearly be seen on the end of log, and also visible on other surfaces .if these seasons are annual these growth rings are referred to ANNUAL RINGS. This ring indicates the no. of years the tree has been around its growth.

STRUCTURE OF WOODS
The trees which grows outwards about the centre are called EXOGENOUS TREES. IF trunk of tree is cut in longitudinal direction , the ANNUAL RINGS can be seen which are useful in predicting the age of tree.  The crosssectional parts of tree and their functions are described below: BARK or Outer skin : It is outermost portion of tree . The outer bark protects the tree from high temperature and mechanical harm.

 Inner bark : The inner bark covering the cambium layer protects cambium layer from any injury and also supplies food to those parts where it is needed most.
CAMBIUM LAYER : This layer of sap between inner bark and sap wood is

known as CAMBIUM LAYER. This layer makes bark on the outer side and wood on inner side. SAPWOOD : The outer annual rings between cambium layer and heart wood are known as SAP WOOD. It is usually light in color and weight as compared to heartwood. HEARTWOOD : the annual rings between sap wood and pith forms the HEARTWOOD. PITH : It is the innermost portion of tree. It is very soft portion and varies in size and shape . ANNUAL RING : The rings that determine how long a tree will live.

T EE

A T
HARDWOOD
EXOGENOUS
DECIDIOUS

SOFTWOOD
CONIFEROUS

ENDOGENOUS

EN OGENOUS T EES
It is also known as INWARD GROWING TREE . The former is the class of the trees which include all the commercial timbers used for building purpose and the latter class includes such as PALMS and BAMBOOS are not suitable for engineering use . The roots of the trees are generally embedded in earth. Endogenous timber is not suitable as structural timber. Example of endogenous trees are bamboo, palm, cane etc.

EXOGENOUS REES
They grow outwards by the addition of one concentric ring every year. These rings are known as ANNUAL RINGS. Number of such rings indicates the age of tree in a year. Timber obtained from these trees is useful for Engineering purposes. Exogenous trees have two groups. 1. CONIFERS 2. DECIDUOUS CONIFERS : They are known as Evergreen trees because leaves of these Trees fall only after new leaves are grown. They have pointed leaves. Chair, pine, deodar etc. belong to this group. Wood obtained from these trees is soft, light colored, resinous and weak. They show distinct annual rings. DECIDIOUS : There are Broad leaf trees. Leaves fall in autumn and new leaves grow in spring. They have no distinct, annual ring. This wood is hard, coarse grained, heavy, durable, dark, colored and non-resinous teak sal, shisham etc. belong to this group.

HARDWOOD
Hardwood trees are generally BROADLEAF trees. These tree species are Deciduous, retaining their leaves only in one growing season. they loose their leaves only in winter  The designation hardwood trees does not necessarily relate to the hardness of the wood. Typical hardwood trees include ash, elms, oak, maple, walnut, hickory, mahogany, and walnut. Woods grown in tropical climates are generally hardwoods. They continually grow till they mature i.e 50 or more years.  Hardwood have shorter fibers compared to softwood. Some hardwoods are evergreen.

SOFTWOOD
Softwoods are one of the botanical groups of trees that has persistent needle-like or scale-like leaves ; softwoods are Coniferous trees which are evergreen keeping their leaves throughout the year and have longer-length fibers than hardwoods. Softwood trees include pines, spruces, firs , cedars. The yew is one of the few softwoods that is native to the UK. There are a number of softwoods (yew)that are harder and tougher than many hardwoods. Larches, including tamarack, are exceptions, being deciduous "softwoods".

A horizontal section through 1 yr. growth of a horizontal growth in a temperature zone.

A greatly enlarged vertical section of Softwood.

DIFFE EN E BETWEEN A DWOOD AND SOFTWOOD

PROPERTIES Definition HARDWOOD Comes from deciduous trees that drop their leaves every year. Broad leaves, enclosed nuts, higher density SOFTWOOD Trees that are conifer and have needles, and normally do not lose needles. Less dense, less durable, high calorific values, coniferous trees

Properties

Found in regions

Trees supplying hardwood are found throughout the world from the boreal and taiga forests of the north to the tropics and down into the far south.

Found in northern hemisphere.

Annual Rings

In this wood ,rings are near to each other and are more in nos. Hardwood burn hardly, it takes more time to burn. Hardwood trees comes from deciduous trees, which has broad leaf. it is more dense. Used for trimmings and furniture but less frequently then softwood. Hardwood is typically more expensive then softwood Hardwood has a slower growth rate

In this wood ,rings are scarce and far from each other. It burns quickly, and it doesn't take more time.

Fire resistance capacity

Structure

Softwood comes from conifers trees, usually has pointed leaf. Usually it is less dense. Widely used as woodware for building (homes/ cabins) and furniture. Softwood is typically less expensive compared to hardwood Softwood has a faster rate of growth

Applications

Cost

Growth rate

USES OF WOOD Fuel

Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth.

Construction Wood can be cut into straight planks and made into a wood flooring. The Saitta House, Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, New York built in 1899 is made of and decorated in wood.

Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving. Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are made mostly or entirely of wood.

Engineered wood Wood used in construction includes products such as glued laminated timber (glulam), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallam and I-joists. On the one hand these allow the use of smaller pieces, and on the other hand allow bigger spans. They may also be selected for specific projects such as public swimming pools or ice rinks where the wood will not deteriorate in the presence of certain chemicals. These engineered wood products prove to be more environmentally friendly, and sometimes cheaper, than building materials such as steel or concrete.

Next generation wood products

Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites.

Furniture and utensils

Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, including chairs and beds. Also for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon. Artists can use wood to create delicate sculptures. String instruments like Bow is also made from brazilwood.

In January 2010 Italian scientists announced that wood could be harnessed to become a bone substitute. It is likely to take at least five years until this technique will be applied for humans

SEASONING OF WOOD
Seasoning is the process of drying out the timber to a moisture content approximately equal to average humidity of situation where it is to be used. Seasoning of wood is the process of removing down the natural moisture content of wood, seasoning should the planned in such a way that evaporation of water from the outer layer and the movement of water from the interior to the outer surface in balanced. It has mainly 2 methods : NATURAL METHOD. ARTIFICIAL METHOD

ADVANTAGES OF SEASONING
Seasoning makes wood resistive against decay due to borers, termites, fungi etc. Reduces weight to wood and hence saves cost of transportation. Makes wood strong, stiff and hard makes wood receptive for paint, varnishes and preservative. Reduce shrinkage of wood. Makes wood easily workable. Reduce chances of warping and cracking of wood. Increases resistive power of wood electricity. Wood can be easily used as fuel. Increases durability of wood.

NATU AL SEASONING
 The traditional method of seasoning timber was to stack it in air and let the heat of atmosphere and the natural air movement around the stacked timber remove the moisture. The process has undergone a number of refinements over the years that have made it more efficient and reduced the quantity of wood that was damaged by drying too quickly near the ends in air seasoning.

The BASIC PRINCIPLE is to stack timber so that plenty of air can circulate around each piece. The timber is stacked with wide spaces between each piece horizontally, and with strips of wood between each layer ensuring that there is a vertical seperation too. It is necessarily a slow process, particularly for hardwoods, typically taking 6 to 9 months to reach moisture .

Air seasoning is the method used with the timber stacked in the open air.

ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL SEASONING Requires minimum supervision. Economical. Suitable for thick as well as thin sections. Draw backs: Process is slow. Takes 1 to 4 years for seasoning. No control over neutral air. Moisture content cannot be brought to desired level. There are chances of attack of insects, fungi during seasoning. During is not uniform. More space is required.

A TIFI IAL SEASONING

The process of drying of removing moisture from wood through different ways . Kiln Seasoning Chemical Seasoning Electrical Seasoning Seasoning by boiling Water Seasoning

ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL SEASONING Reduction in seasoning period Seasoning up to desired moisture content Possibility of different drying condition for different types of wood. Reduction of different cracking, warping, shrinking during seasoning. No changes of attack by insects. Even and uniform drying.

KILN SEASONING Seasoning kiln is a closed air tight space, fitted with heating devices and water or steam supply. Temperature is controlled by heating air. These are two types of kiln. Progressive Compartment 1. Progressive kiln: Wood is kept in air gaps in between, in carriage which travels from one end of kiln to other. Hot air is blown from the other end which moves in the direction opposite to the movement of the wood.

2. Compartment kiln:

Wood is kept in air tight shed with sufficient air gap in between planks, for air circulation. Temperature is low and humidity is more in initial stage. After some time temperature is raised, humidity is reduced; air circulation is now made faster.

SEASONING BY BOILING Wood is immersed in water is kept boiling for four to five hours. Sap is washed out. Wood is taken kept under shed for drying. This is a quick seasoning method but strength and elasticity of wood are reduces strength of wood. It is not commercial.

WATER SEASONING Wood is cut in to pieces and pieces are kept immersed in running water. After 2 to 4 week period the pieces are taken out dried under shed. Sap of the wood gets washed away. Planks are less liable to wrap or crack but the wood becomes brittle and weak. This wood cant be used frequently due to its weakness.

CHEMICAL SEASONING

In this method ,the wood is immersed in solution of suitable salt which absorbs the moisture content from inside of timber. The timber is then taken out and seasoned by ordinary way ( air seasoning) . Since the interior surface of wood dries in advance of exterior one and therefore, the chances of formation of external cracks are reduced.

ELECTRICAL SEASONING

It is a fact that a green wood offers less resistance to the flow of electric current as compared to a dry wood. In other words, a hard wood offers more resistance to the flow of current than a softwood since resistance of current is inversely proportional to the moisture content in the wood. Therefore high frequency alternating currents which produce heat are used to dry out the timber. This method is costly so it cant be used on large scale.

TYPES OF WOOD.

SOFTWOOD Shevan Sycamor Devdar (fir tree) Limbado Newzealand White beach Steam beach Mango Kapoor (red sal)

HARDWOOD Mahogany Burma teak Valsadi teak White sal Shisham White cedar Ghana teak Sapeli Sandal wood Haldu kalam Red pine Pipdo Bhindi Beo White ash Burma border Wenge Babool Sal Malesia teak Kher Chid Walnut Boro teak Ebony Maple Sadado Nigeria teak white oak Kinay

SY A O E

Type Colour Source

Softwood

Pink brown

Central Europe, Southwestern Asia, Eastern France, Ukraine, Northern Spain, Northern Turkey.

Properties

sycamore has the largest leaf of any tree native to north America.

Uses Market Rate

decorative furniture, wood flooring, musical instrument.

Rs. 1750/-CFT

PINE Type Colour Source

Softwood

Redish brown

Scotland, Far East Russia, Philippines, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Himalaya, Southeast Asia.

Properties

They are more durable.

Uses Market Rate

Furniture, Window frames, Paneling, Wood Flooring, Roof

Rs. 430/- CFT

DEODAR
Type olo r So rce
Softwood

Yellowish brown Himalayas, P njab, Uttar Pradesh

Properties

It can be easily worked, it is moderate, lt is moderately strong. It possesses distinct annual rings.

Uses Market Rate

Cheap furniture, railway carriages, railway sleepers, packing boxes, structural work.

Rs. 650/- CFT

MANGO

Type Color

Hardwood Deep grey

Source Throughout India

Properties

It is easy to work, it maintains its shape well, it is moderately strong.

Uses Botanical name

building structure support, Cheap furniture, Toys, Cabinet work, Panels for doors and windows.

Mangifera.

SANDALWOOD

Type Colour Source

Hardwood

White or Red.

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa.

Botanical name Uses Market Rate

Santalum

Agricultural instruments, Well curbs, Wheels, Mallets. .

Rs 5000 to 5500/-CFT

WENGE

Types Color Source

hardwood.

dark brown to black with fine black.

Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea.

Properties

It is a tropical timber, Very dark in color with a strong partridge pattern, hard and heavy. Musical instruments, Archery bows, Wood canes, Rails, Pin blocks, Flooring, Staircase.

Uses

Market Rate

Rs 4300/-CFT

MA OGANY

Types Colour Source

Hardwood

Reddish brown.

India, Fiji, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Dominican Republic, Belize

Properties

It takes a good polish, it easily works, it is durable under water

Uses Market Rate

Furniture, Crafting furniture, Cabinet work .

Rs 1700/- Cft

EBONY

Types Colour Source

Hardwood

Black or dark coloured.

India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Western Africa.

It is

Pr

rti s

st i t s ly l c it ig sity, fi t xt r , v ry s t fi is lis v ry v l l s r t l .

ft

Us s

M i g f sic l i str ts, C s ts, D c r tiv f r it r , W ll li g.

ss

M r t R t

4500/-CFT

BAMBOO

Type

Hardwood.

Colour Light brown Source Assam, Bengal.

Properties

It is flexible, very strong and durable.

Uses Market Rate

Scaffoldings, Thatched roofs, Rafters, Temporary bridges.

Rs 70 to 80 /-CFT

PEEPAL

Ty

Hardwood

BOTANI AL NAME Source

Ficus r ligiosa.

India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, hina.

S IS AM

Types olo r So rce

Hardwood.

Dark Red.

Maharashtra, Mysore, Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa

Properties

It is strong, tough, durable . It maintains its shape well, can be easily seasoned, it takes a fine polish.

Uses Market Rate

Furniture, Bridge piles, Sport goods, Railway sleepers.

Rs 2000 to 3000/-CFT

BU MA TEAK

Type Colour Source

Hardwood Brown, Golden, Reddish brown Bur a

Properties

It is straight glained, has coarse uneven textures. It is hard and heavy with moderate bending strength.

Uses Market Rate

Flooring, Paneling, Furniture.

Rs.3600/-CFT

G ANA TEAK

Type Colour Source

HARDWOOD Yellow, Orange brown. AFRICA

Properties

It is hard and heavy, with stiffness, shock resistance. It is well known for its strength, moderate elasticity and hardness .

Uses Market Rate

Ship building, Boat building, doors, furniture, Carving , Window, Window frames, Staircase, paneling.

Rs 1400 /-CFT

KAPU

Type

HARDWOOD

Colour Yellow Colour Source MALASIA

Properties

VERY STRONG

Uses Market Rate

Construction work, Joinery, Furniture

Rs.750 to 950 /-CFT

VALSADI TEAK

Types Colour Sources

Hardwood

BROWN

Valsad, Saputara, Songadh Purpose : Furniture, Window Frames, Door Frames.

Properties

It is one of the strongest teakwood in the world. It is durable, Smooth finished with extreme weather resistance.

Uses Market Rate

Furniture, Window Frames, Door Frames.

Rs.800 to 1500/-CFT

STEEM BEE

Type Colour Source

Hardwood

Creamy white to bond color Source

Sweden,italy,france,england,spain, turkey

Properties

Resistance to shock loads, Promotes good finishes, Light weight , High efficiency,Ideal for molding due to machining abilities.

Uses Market Rate

Cabinate making , Furniture making both solid and laminated , Flooring, turnery , Vehicle body , Interior joinery,

Rs 1250/-CFT

BU MA BO DE

Type Colour Source

HARDWOOD Yelloish n redish brown B RMA

Properties

It is highly durable, Termite proof, Low maintenance, Resistant to harsh environment.

Uses Market Rate

Furniture, Boat decks, Decorative articles.

Rs 1800/-CFT

W ITE AS (AME I AN AS )

Type Colour Source

Hardwood

White

Cape Breton island , Nova Scotia , Northern Florida , Eastern Minnesota , Eastern Texas

properties

Tough , Strong and Highly Resistant to shock .

Uses Market Rate

base ball bat, Making handles ,Oar.

Rs 1600 /- .CFT

MAPLE

Type Colour Source

Hardwood

Maple flowers are of green , yellow ,Orange , Red .

Europe, Northern America, Northern Africa.

Properties

Uniform texture , Heavy , Strong , stiff, Hard and resistance to shock and high shrinkage.

Uses Market Rate

Dried wood for Smoking of Wood, Agriculture, Decorative furniture, commercially used as Maple syrup , Bowling pins , Musical instruments .

Rs 1800 to 2000 /- CFT.

W ITE BEA

Type Colour Source

Hardwood

White

Eastern North America , south Ontario in southern eastern Canada. Colour : white.

It is Heavy , Strong Properties and Tough. Uses Mar et Rate

a inet a ing , Furniture

RS 1350/- FT

BABUL

Types Colour Source

Babul

Whitish Red

Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh

Properties

It is strong, hard and tough. It takes up a good polish.

Uses Market Rate

Bodies and Wheels of Bullock cart, Well curbs, Agricultural instruments.

rs 450/- CFT

MANGO

Type

HARDWOOD

Colour DEEPLY GREY. Source ALLOVER INDIA.

Properties

It is easy to work, it maintains its shape well. it is moderately strong.

Uses Market Rate

Cheap furniture, toys, cabinet works, panels for doors and windows.

RS 1350/-CFT

WALNUT

Type Colour Source

Hardwood

creamy white to dark chocolate colour, novelties, cabinate and wall panalling Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh

Properties

creamy white to dark chocolate colour, novelties, cabinate and wall panalling

Uses Market Rate

Gunstock, Solid and veneered furniture

Rs.2350/-CFT

SAPELE

Type Colour Source

Hardwood Dark reddish brown. Tropical Africa

Its leaves are decidious Properties in dry season. Guitar manufacture, Car interior

Uses Market Rate

Rs 1750/-Cft

S EVEN

Types

Softwood

Colour White Source Dang forest

Properties

It has less knots, banding can be done done by giving proper support. decorative furniture, carving, sculpture, temple, ceiling, wall paneling.

Uses Market Rate

Rs. 800 to 1000/-CFT

RED PINE

Type Colour Source

Hardwood

Reddish North America , West Virginia

Properties

The leaves are needle like , dark green , low genetic variations.

Uses Market Rate

Landscaping.

Rs 400/- CFT

LIST OF S OPS VISITED.

Pragati Udhna, Magdalla road Shree Hari plywood Bhatar Doramnath Udhna, Magdalla road Shivam Udhna, Magadalla road Ambica Katargam Fakirchand Maganlal plywood Lakkadkhod area , chowk Amardip Gandevi road , Billimora

References

www.wikipedia.com www.google.com Building construction Author : S.P Arora S.P Bindra