Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Main Topics
Introduction - Infrastructure
Public infrastructure is defined as those services derived from the set of public works traditionally supported by the public sector to enhance private sector production and to allow for household consumption This includes services such as roads, mass transportation, water systems, sewer systems, solid waste management, drainage and flood protection, electric installations, and telecommunications
Issues and Strategies
Goals
Improve quality of life and alleviate consequences of poverty Promote economic productivity and growth Protection of environment Reinforce the effectiveness of municipal governance What infrastructure is demanded and how will it be produced? How will the investments and life-cycle costs be financed? What institutions will be used to deliver services?
Appropriate decisions
Goal and policy formulation (conceptual planning) Long-term planning (pre-planning) Investment planning and programming (detailed planning/design) Implementation of the plans (investment/construction) Operation and maintenance Monitoring and evaluation
Issues and Strategies
Issues - Overview
Status of achievements
Inadequate infrastructure capacity in expanding urban areas results in serious constraints on (environmentally sustainable) economic growth and on poverty reduction Inefficiency of operation Inadequate maintenance Financial inefficiency and fiscal drain Unresponsiveness to user demand Neglect of the poor Neglect of environment
Issues and Strategies
Challenges
Cities throughout Asia report shortages of sources for raw water, and infrastructure for provision of household, industrial, and commercial water supply. Meeting the problem of water for human use will require application of macroplanning policies to improve the allocation of water among competing interests, and better microcontrols on, and technology for, water use within households, industries and commerce. Focused technological alternatives, analysis of costs and benefits on a broad scale, and consensus building through various forms of public and stakeholder participatory techniques are required to arrive at politically successful solutions. and Strategies Issues
Issues - Sanitation
In Asia, less than 60% of urban population had access to adequate sanitation and about 1/3 was connected to sewer systems. Where sewerage collection existed, about 90% of the wastewater was discharged w/o treatment Conveyance systems are often inadequately designed and poorly maintenance clogging from solid waste causing flooding with bad water quality Some cities suffer from persistent drainage problem related to monsoon flooding drainage and flooding may be of greater concern than sanitation especially among upper class of population Issues and Strategies
The major urban centers in developing countries of Asia generate over 1 million tons of SW annually, less than half is transported to disposal Inadequate SWM gives rise to many environmental problems from disposal to open water, leaching into groundwater, production of air pollution, and from spread of insects and disease vectors Pilot efforts at waste minimization and refuse recovery are underway in a number of locations throughout Asia composting, recycling, and other community base techniques. Issues and Strategies
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A key challenge in transport planning is identifying measures that are technically sound and acceptable to politicians and the public Transport or mobile sources contribute the majority of most pollutants in urban areas, particularly when viewed in terms of human exposure Environmental health risks due to inadequate waste management infrastructure are Issues and Strategies numerous in urban area
Issues Institutional
Deficiencies
Poor coordination between government agencies and with private sector Poor internal organization and management structure Deficient monitoring of sectoral performance Low morale among local government staff
Funding to meet capital and operational needs is often deficient with insufficient cost recovery mechanisms
Issues and Strategies
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Which level of government should be responsible for service delivery? A clear delineation of responsibilities across levels of government is essential for effective service delivery Although central government is responsible for infrastructure investment in most countries, the best strategy is to allocate some responsibilities to each of local government A number of factors influence the degree to which local vs.. central governments should play a role in service delivery
Issues and Strategies
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Transfer of authority and responsibilities for service delivery from central to local governments Movement of ministry offices to regional or local levels Regional or local officials are able to make many basic service delivery decisions Privatization, public sector companies, public authorities
Others
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Existing government structure Structure of other institutions and necessary labor skills Geographic scope of benefits Sufficient authority (legal ability and institutional capacity) to raise revenues and retain them at the local level for financing service delivery
Less accountable because their linkage to public officials and consumers may be tenuous Responsive to users
Issues and Strategies
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Community associations
Adequate financing is necessary for sustainable infrastructure systems The role of finance is more than to ensure sufficient funds are in place, because financing schemes can affect incentives and other goals (such as equity) Willingness to pay an expression of the demand for service, and it is a strong-requisite for cost recovery because it is a measure of user satisfaction of a service and of the desire of users to contribute to its functioning
Community factors (participation, perceived benefits, income, etc.) Service factors (alternative sources, costs, efficiency, etc.)
Issues and Strategies
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Financing investments
Government funding Donor financing Private equity financing User fees appear to be best source of O&M financing General fund contributions from the government Intergovernmental transfers from the central to local governments Issues and Strategies
Financing O&M
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Factors in planning
Demand-driven What costs should be covered Willingness to pay analysis Institutional/legal framework Accompanying measures (e.g., education and promotion campaigns) Appropriate tariff Optimizing costs Access to other sources of funding (community, private, subsidies/taxes, credit-loan, grants, etc.) Financial management Service efficiency Issues and Strategies
Factors in practices
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System elements
Use, transport, disposal/treatment, etc. Technical, environmental, financial/economic, sociocultural, institutional, and legal/political Central/local authorities, NGOs/CBOs, users, private formal/informal sectors, and donor agencies Drainage, energy, agriculture, etc.
Issues and Strategies
Aspects
Stakeholders
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Institutional development
Administrative decentralization Organizational capacity building Improved management functions Appropriate form of public-private partnership Mechanisms for public regulation and control Community-based service provision Decentralizing government-based process of Issues and Strategies management
User participation
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This must drive decisions such as what to deliver, what technologies to employ, and how prices should be set Demands differ widely across cities, countries, and industries along dimensions of accessibility, capacity, quality, price, etc.
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Deliver services at the lowest possible life cycle costs for Issues and Strategies society
Costs can be lowered and demands more effectively met by integrating competition into service delivery
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