Chapter 4

Periodic Table of Elements

Learning Objectives
Analyse

the Periodic Table of Elements Analyse Group 18 elements Analyse Group 1 elements Analyse Group 17 elements Analyse elements in a period Understand transition elements

A. The Periodic Table of Elements

Look

at these pictures carefully.

A. The Periodic Table of Elements

Why

the items in the supermarket or hypermarket are arranged systematically and orderly?

A. The Periodic Table of Elements

Similarly, elements are arranged systematically and orderly.

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Antoine

Lavoisier

Classify substances into

metals and non-metals

Unsuccessful because

light, heat and some other compounds where not elements.

(1743-1794)

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Johann Dobereiner

Introduced triads. Elements were classified into groups of three elements with same chemical properties The atomic mass of middle elements was approximately the average atomic mass of the other two elements

(1780-1849)

Historical development of the Periodic Table

John

Newlands

Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Elements with similar properties recurred at every eight element. This was known as the Law of Octaves Failed because only obeyed by first 17 elements only

(1837-1898)

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Lothar Meyer

Plotted a graph of the atomic volume against atomic mass. Elements with similar chemical properties occupied same positions. Successful in showing the properties of elements formed a periodic pattern against their atomic masses.

(1830-1895)

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev

Arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Successful because --he left gaps for elements yet to be discovered. He used the table to predict the existence and properties of undiscovered elements --he change the order of elements of the properties are not similar.

(1834-1907)

Historical development of the Periodic Table

Henry J. G. Moseley (1887-1915)

Concluded that proton number should be the bases for the periodic change of chemical properties Arranged the elements in order of increasing proton number in the Periodic Table.

Modern Periodic Table of Elements

Elements

are arranged according their increasing proton number. Vertical columns = groups (according to their number of valence electron/s Horizontal rows = periods (number of electron shells filled by electrons)

Modern Periodic Table of Elements

Group 18/VIII Elements

Known

as noble gases/inert gases (chemically unreactive elements) Non-metals that exist as monoatomic colourless gases. Members : Helium (He), Xenon (Xe), Neon (Ne), Radon (Ra). Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr),

Physical Properties of Group 18

Very

small atomic sizes. Low melting and boiling points

Weak Van der Waals forces of attraction between atoms.

Low

densities

Very small masses but huge volumes.

Melting

and boiling points of elements increase down the Group 18.

Chemical Properties?
All

Group 18 elements are chemically inert/ unreactive. The outermost electron shell of each member is fully occupied by electrons. This is a stable electron arrangement which in Helium, it is said achieve duplet electron
arrangement.

Other than Helium, it is said achieve octet electron arrangement.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium

To fill airships and weather balloons.

Airships

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Airships

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Airships

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Weather balloon

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Weather balloon

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Helium

used as artificial atmosphere in oxygen tank for divers.

Oxygen tank

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Oxygen tank

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Oxygen tank

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Neon

Advertising lights

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Neon

Used in aeroplane runway lights

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Argon

To fill light bulbs.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Krypton

Used in lasers to repair the retina of the eye.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Krypton

To fill photographic flash lamps.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Xenon

Making electron tubes and stroboscopic lamps

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Xenon

Used in bubble chambers in atomic energy reactors.

Uses of Group 18 Elements

Radon

Used to treat cancer

 Consists

of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs) and francium (Fr). They are known as alkali metals because they react with water to produce alkaline solution.

Group 1 Elements

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Soft Low

melting points Low densities Shiny and silvery surface Good conductor of heat Good conductor of electricity

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Hardness,

melting point and boiling of the elements decrease.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Hardness,

melting point and boiling of the elements

decrease.

Metallic bonding in metals is caused by the attraction between positive ions and the sea of negative electrons surrounding them.

Physical Properties of Group 1 Elements

When go down Group 1, atom becomes larger. The positive nucleus gets further away from the negative sea of electrons. The force of attraction between the metal ions and the sea of electrons gets weaker down the group. Less energy is needed to overcome this weakening force of attraction.

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

All

react with water to produce alkaline metal hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas. 2X(s) + 2H O(l) 2XOH(aq) + H (g) 2 2

How to test the alkaline solution?

1 2 3 4 5

Group 1 metals + Water

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

All

burn in oxygen gas to produce white solid metal oxides. 4X(s) + O (g) 2X O(s) 2 2
The

oxide dissolve in water to form alkaline metal hydroxide solution. X O(s) + H O(l) 2XOH(aq) 2 2

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

All

burn in chlorine gas to produce white solid metal chlorides. 2X(s) + Cl (g) 2XCl(s) 2

Alkali metal + water

Alkali metal Lithium (Li) Observation Lithium moves slowly on the water surface with a soft hiss sound. A colorless solution that turns red litmus paper blue is formed Sodium melts to become a small sphere, moves rapidly and randomly on the water surface with a soft hiss sound. A colorless solution that turns red litmus paper blue is formed Equation

Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K) Potassium melts to become a small sphere, burns with a lilac flame, very rapidly and randomly on the water surface with a soft hiss and pop sound. A colorless solution that turns red litmus paper blue is formed

Alkali metals + Oxygen gas

Alkali metal Observation Lithium (Li) Lithium burns slowly with a red flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid on the cooling to room temperature. The white solid dissolves in the water to produce a colorless solution. This solution turns red litmus paper blue Equation

Sodium (Na) Sodium burns rapidly and brightly with a yellow flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid on the cooling to room temperature. The white solid dissolves in the water to produce a colorless solution. This solution turns red litmus paper blue Potassium (K) Potassium burns very rapidly and brightly with a lilac flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid on the cooling to room temperature. The white solid dissolves in the water to produce a colorless solution. This solution turns red litmus paper blue

Alkali metals + Chlorine gas

Alkali metal Observation Lithium (Li) Lithium burns slowly with a red flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid at the end of the reaction. Equation

Sodium (Na) Sodium burns rapidly and brightly with a yellow flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid at the end of the reaction Potassium (K) Potassium burns very rapidly and brightly with a lilac flame and liberates white fumes which become a white solid at the end of the reaction

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Why

all elements in Group 1 have same chemical properties?

Chemical reaction is all about the activity of electron/s All the elements have one valence electron. Each of them reacts by donating one valence electron to form an ion with a charge of +1 to achieve stable electron arrangement.

Reactivity of Group 1 Elements

Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements

Why the reactivity of elements increases down the Group 1? Atomic size of Group 1 elements increases from lithium to francium./Number of shells occupied by electrons increases. Distance between the valence electron in the outermost shell and positive nucleus increases down the Group 1. Attraction between nucleus and valence electron decreases. It is easier for the atom to lose the valence electron to achieve stable electron arrangement.

Group 17 Elements
Members

are fluorine(F2) , chlorine(Cl2), bromine(Br2), iodine(I2), and astatine(At2) elements are also known as halogens which exist as diatomic molecules.

The

Physical Properties of Group 17

They

have low melting and boiling points because molecules are attracted to each other by weak van der Waals forces of attraction. The melting and boiling points of the elements increases down Group 17. This change the states of elements from gas to solid and the colour of elements from lighter colour to darker colour.

Physical Properties of Group 17

Elements Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine State Gas Gas Liquid Solid Colour Pale yellow Greenish-yellow Reddish-brown Purplish-black

Physical Properties of Group 17

Why

the melting and boiling points of elements increases down Group 17?
Molecular size/relative molecular mass of the elements increases down Group 17. Forces of attraction between molecules/Intermolecular forces of attraction increases. More heat is needed to overcome the stronger forces of attraction between the molecules.

Chemical Properties of Group 17

All

members have similar chemical properties but differ in the reactivity.

React with water to form two acids

X2(g) + H2O(l)

HX(aq) + HOX(aq) HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid + HOCl(aq) hypochlorous

Example:

Cl2(g) + H2O(l) acid

Hypochlorous acid is a bleaching agent (bleach both blue and red litmus paper)

Chemical Properties of Group 17

All

members have similar chemical properties but differ in the reactivity.

Halogens in gaseous state react with hot iron to form brown solid. 2Fe(s) + 3X2(g) 2FeX3(s) Example:

2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s) solid iron(III) chloride(brown)

Chemical Properties of Group 17

All

members have similar chemical properties but differ in the reactivity.

Halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution to produce sodium halide, sodium halate(I) and water X2 + 2NaOH(aq) NaX(aq) + NaOX(aq) + H2O(l) Example:

Cl2 + 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l) Sodium chlorate(I)

Chemical Properties of Group 17

Why

all halogens possess similar chemical properties? Chemical reaction = lose or accept electron/s All halogens always gain one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement. Therefore, they have similar chemical properties.

Chemical Properties of Group 17

Why

chemical reactivity of halogens decreases down Group 17? Atomic size/number of electron occupied shells of halogens increases down Group 17. The outermost shell becomes further from the nucleus of the atom. Strength to attract one electron into the outermost shell by the nucleus becomes weaker. Reactivity decreases.

Period
Elements

across a period exhibit a periodic change in properties. Period 3 Proton number increases by one unit from one element to the next element

Period
All

the atoms of the elements have three shells occupied with electrons The number of valence electrons in each atom increase from 1 to 8

Period
All

the elements exist as solid except chlorine and argon which are gases The atomic radius of elements decreases. This is due to the increasing nuclei attraction on the valence electrons.

Period
The

electronegativity of elements increases. This is also due to the increasing nuclei attraction on the valence electrons and the decreases in atomic size.

Period

Metals Metalloid Non-metals Metalloid semi-metal, reacts with acid only, weak conductor, brittle and not malleable and ductile.

Period

Uses of metalloid

Make diodes and transistors A diode A transistor

Both are commonly used in the making of microchips Microchips are widely used in the manufacture of computers, mobile phones, televisions, video recorders, calculators, radio and etc.

Period

Oxides of elements change from basic to amphoteric and then to acidic across the period towards the right.

Basic oxides react with acids to form salt and water Acidic oxides react with alkalis to form salt and water Amphoteric oxides react with both acids and alkalis to form salt and water.

Transition Elements
Elements

from Group 3 to Group 12 in the Periodic

Table. Common characteristics

Solid metal with shiny surface. Good conductor of heat and electricity. High melting and boiling points. Hard, malleable and ductile.

Transition Elements
Special

characteristics

All are metals Show different oxidation numbers in their compounds Form coloured ions or compounds Use as catalysts Form complex ions

Transition Elements
Show

different oxidation numbers in their compound

Compound Chromium(III) chloride Potassium dichromate(VII) Manganese(II) sulphate Manganese(VI) oxide Potassium manganate(VII) Iron(II) sulphate Iron(III) chloride Copper(I) oxide Copper(II) sulphate Formula CrCl3 K2Cr2O7 MnSO4 MnO2 KMnO4 FeSO4 FeCl3 Cu2O CuSO4 Oxidation number +3 +6 +2 +4 +7 +2 +3 +1 +2

Transition Elements
Form

coloured ions or compounds

Ion Cr3+ CrO42Cr2O72Manganese Mn2+ MnO4Iron Fe2+ Fe3+ Cobalt Nickel Copper Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+ Blue Colour Green Yellow Orange Pale pink Purple Pale green Yellowish brown Pink Green Green Chromium

Element

Transition Elements
Form

coloured ions or compounds

Gemstone Transition metal Ni and Fe Colour Green

Emerald

Amethyst

Fe and Mn

Purple

Sapphire

Co and Ti

Blue

Ruby

Cr

Red

Topaz

Fe

Yellow

Transition Elements
Emerald

Transition Elements
Amethyst

Transition Elements
Sapphire

Transition Elements
Ruby

Transition Elements
Topaz

Transition Elements
As

catalyst
Process Catalyst To manufacture Ammonia Sulphuric acid

Haber Process Iron fillings, Fe Contact Process Ostwald Process Hydrogenation Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 Platinum, Pt Nickel, Ni

Nitric acid Margarine

Transition Elements
To

form complex ions

Complex ions Hexacyanoferrate(II) ion Hexacyanoferrate(III) ion Formula [Fe(CN)6]4[Fe(CN)6]3[Cr(NH3)6]3+ [Cu(NH3)4]2+ [CuCl4]2Iron

Element

Chromium Copper

Hexaamina chromium(III) ion Tetraamina copper(II) ion Tetrachlorocuprate(II) ion