SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT

By: Mridula Research Scholar Enroll. No. 10917013 Under the Supervision of Prof. (Mrs.)Amita Sinhval Prof. H.R.Wason

Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee

Outline
Objective Introduction Methods

Deterministic (DSHA)

Seismic

Hazard

Analysis

Advantages and disadvantages of DSHA

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)

Advantages and disadvantages of PSHA

Case study Conclusion References

3/5/2011 2

Objective

Study various methods of hazard assessment and implementing it to a site 30.1250 and 78.125o
3/5/2011 3

INTRODUCTION
3/5/2011

Seismic hazard analysis is the description and/or evaluation of effect of future earthquakes on human activities. (Orozova, 1999). Seismic hazard analysis involves the quantitative estimation of ground shaking hazards at a particular area.(Kramer, 2009) Theseismichazardanalysis is concernedwith gettingan estimateof thestrong motionparameters atasitefor thepurposeof earthquake resistant design or seismic safetyassessment (Gupta, 2002). The objective of earthquake hazard analysis is to quantify the level of ground motion at

Rieter (1990)
3/5/2011 5

3/5/2011

Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA)

3/5/2011

3/5/2011

 DSHA

is that ground motion is directly related to an earthquake, specified by a magnitude and distance. The uncertainty, including groundmotion uncertainty, is explicitly expressed in DSHA results. An easily understood and transmitted method of estimating seismic hazard and results that are clear to the analyst (earth scientist), the user (engineer) and those elements of the general public who are interested in nuclear power3/5/2011 plant safety or 9

Advantages of DSHA

Insufficiency of DHSA (Kramer,2009 and Krinitzsky, 2003) The data, when available, are used to interpret
seismic source zones. Because different interpretations of the input data are possible, large uncertainties are often associated with source characterisation. While calculating source to site distance the transmission path is assumed to be homogenous. It provides no information on the following:
likelihood (time )of occurrence of the MCE earthquake, the likelihood of assuming where it is assumed to occur, and the level of shaking that might be expected during a finite period of time .

Different

empirical relation gives different ground motion. It does not account for the effect of uncertainties10 3/5/2011 in

Uncertainties of DSHA (Krinitzsky,2003)

Earthquake

sources that are unrecognized; Lineaments, landslides, and other geomorphic features that are mistaken for faults; Capable faults that show up blind in trenching and whose potentials may be decided erroneously; Dead faults or faults that move by creep which can be misjudged as capable of damaging earthquakes; Boundaries of earthquake zones that
3/5/2011 11

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)

The goal of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is to quantify the rate (or probability) of exceeding various ground-motion levels at a site (or a map of sites) given all possible earthquakes. The numerical/analytical approach to PSHA was first formalized by Cornell (1968). In PSHA unlike DSHA certain uncertainties in size, location and rate of recurrence of earthquake
3/5/2011

12

3/5/2011

13

3/5/2011

14

Type of source Point Source

Spatial Uncertainty (Kramer, 2009)

Illustration Probability Density Function Probability that R=rs is 1 and the probability that R rs .is 0

Linear Source

The earthquake occur on very small segment of the fault between L=l and L=l+dl fL(l)=fR(r), and fR(r)=r/Lf

Volume Source

For more complex geometry the irregular source zone is divided into large numbers of discrete elements of equal area as shown in figure.

3/5/2011

15

Size Uncertainty
The

size of an earthquake is described in terms of its magnitude. The concept of magnitude was first developed by Charles Richter in 1935 which is now known as local magnitude . It is defined as the logarithm to base ten of maximum amplitude in microns measured on WoodAndersons Torsional Seismometer at the epicentral distance of
3/5/2011

16

Attenuation Relationships

3/5/2011

17

Advantages of PSHA

3/5/2011

18

Disadvantages of PSHA

3/5/2011

19

Uncertainties in PSHA
Epistemic

Uncertainty: Results from imperfect knowledge about the process of earthquake generation and the assessment of their effects. An example of epistemic uncertainty is the shape of the magnitude distribution for a given seismic source. Aleatory Variability: Also known as randomness is probabilistic variability that results from natural physical processes. The size, location, and time of the next earthquake on a fault and the details of
3/5/2011

20

CASE STUDY
The

area taken under consideration is from latitude (29.5-33.5) and longitude (7482). A site (30.125, 78.125) is taken under consideration. The data is taken from USGS site.

3/5/2011

21

at latitude 30.125o and longitude 78.125o is taken under consideration. DSHA is performed as follows: Identification of source
A site

Following sources which are capable of producing strong ground motion are identified: Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Main Central Thrust (MCT) Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) Allaknanda fault (AF) Mahendragarh-Dehradun fault (MDF)
3/5/2011 22

3/5/2011

23

Calculation of expected magnitude: Studies of worldwide earthquakes have shown that faults do not rupture over the entire lengths or areas during the individual event (Kramer, 2009). Fault rupture length has often been used to estimate earthquake magnitude. The empirical relationship between fault rupture length and magnitude is give by (Coppersmith and Sl.no Wells, 1994). Fault Relationship

1
2 3 4

Movement
Strike Slip Reverse Normal All

M w

Mw =5.16 - 1.12 Log L Mw =5.00 - 1.22 Log L Mw =4.86 - 1.32 Log L Mw =5.08 - 1.16 Log L

0.28 0.28 0.34 0.28

3/5/2011

24

Result

3/5/2011

25

Calculation of a, b value and return period

Seismicity

map Calculation of a and b value Calculating Return Period

3/5/2011

26

R e su l : t Fo r th e re g i n l t( 2 9 . 5 o to 33 . 5 o) o a and long (74o to 82o) the return period for magnitude 8 earthquakes is more than 5000 years where as magnitude 6 occurs every 13 years and lesser magnitude earthquakes occur almost daily.

3/5/2011

27

Conclusion

3/5/2011

28

3/5/2011

29