FORM 4

CHAPTER 3

CHEMICAL FORMULAE

3.1 Meaning of Chemical Formula

Chemists use a simple method to describe molecules. It is called the chemical formula. Symbols are used to write a chemical formula.

Chemical Formula
Is a representation of a chemical substance using letters for atoms and subscript numbers to show the numbers of each type of atoms that are present in the substance.
Show the symbol for oxygen atom

O2

Show the number of oxygen atoms in each molecule

The formula of a molecule tells us :

The name of the atoms present.

The number of the atoms of each element present.

Example
H O H

If there is no number after a symbol, it means there is just one atom present in the molecule

Molecule of water

Formula of water H2O

H is the symbol which represents hydrogen. O is the symbol which represents oxygen. The number 2 represents the number of hydrogen atoms presents

3.2 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

Every compound has a molecular formula. This formula shows the Symbol of the elements in it. The types of the elements.

3.2 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula Cont.

It does not show the actual number of each elements in it.

The empirical formula shows only the simplest ratio of elements in it. The molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of elements in it.

3.3 Finding molecular formulae

Actually, the molecular formula of a compound is a multiple of its empirical formula. Can be determine if we know the following
data : (a) Its empirical formula (b) Its relative molecular mass or molar mass

Molecular Formula = (Empirical formula)n whereby n is a positive integer.

3.3 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula Cont.

Example
The simplest ratio of the elements in it is 1:2. Therefore the empirical formula is CH2. This formula shows Only the simplest ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms in it. It can be C2H4, C3H6, C5H10 etc.

This formula shows that there are four atoms of carbon and eight atoms of hydrogen in one molecule of butene.

Butene has a molecular formula C4H8.

The empirical formula may or may not be the same as the molecular formula.

Thus C4H8 is the molecular formula. It shows the actual number of atoms of all the elements in one molecule of it. CH2 is the empirical formula of butene. It shows only the elements in the simplest ratio.

3.3 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula Cont.

Example : Molecule of carbon dioxide

C O C O O O

In a molecule of carbon dioxide, there are two atom of oxygen and one atom of carbon. Its molecular formula is CO2.

3.3 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula Cont.

Check Your Concept

Wrong : The molecular formula shows the number of atoms.

Right : The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each type of element present in one molecule.

3.4 Compare and Contrast Empirical and Molecular Formula

Molecular Formula Similarity Both types of formula contain the same type of elements Differences Show the exact mole atom of each constituent element The number of mole atom in the formula Shows only the simplest Ratio of the constituent element Smaller mass unless it Is the same as the molecular formula Empirical formula

The mass is always fixed

Formula mass

3.4 Compare and Contrast Empirical and Molecular Formula Cont

Both formula can be used to represent a chemical substance. Both formula can give us the following information : The elements present in a compound. The ratio of atoms of each element in a compound The ratio of moles of atoms of each element in a compound.

3.4 Compare and Contrast Empirical and Molecular Formula

However, the empirical formula can only show the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. The molecular formula gives us more information. It gives the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound.

3.5 Calculations involving empirical and molecular formulae

Both empirical and molecular formulae enable us to solve numerical problems concerning the composition of compounds. We can also calculate the percentage composition by mass of compounds using their chemical formulae

3.5 Calculations involving empirical and molecular formulae Cont

The percentage of an element by mass in a compound The mass of the elements in 1 mole of the compound _______________________ x 100% The mass of 1 mole of the compound

3.6 Solving Numerical Problems Involving Empirical and Molecular Formulae

Example 1 : 1.69g of iron combine with 0.72g of oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide. [ Relative atomic mass; Fe = 56 ; O = 16]

3.6 Solving Numerical Problems Involving Empirical and Molecular Formulae Cont

Steps Mass of content Relative atomic mass Number of moles = Mass of element Relative atomic mass

Fe 1.69 56

O 0.72 16 0.72 16 = 0.045 0.045 = 1.5 0.03 3

1.69 56 = 0.03 Ratio of the number of moles 0.03 = 1 0.03 x2 to change ratio into whole numbers 2

So, empirical formula is Fe2O3.

3.6 Solving Numerical Problems Involving Empirical and Molecular Formulae Cont

Question 0.91g of aluminium burns in air to form 1.7g of aluminium oxide. What is the formula of aluminium oxide? [Relative atomic mass: Al = 27; O = 16]

3.6 Solving Numerical Problems Involving Empirical and Molecular Formulae Cont

Answer
Steps Mass of content Relative atomic mass Number of moles = Mass of element Relative atomic mass Ratio of the number of moles x2 to change ratio into whole numbers 2 Al 0.91 27 0.91 27 = 0.034 0.034 = 1 0.034

Al2O3
O 1.7 0.91 = 0.79 16 0.79 16 = 0.05 0.045 = 1.5 0.034 3

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are compounds consisting of cations and anions. Cations are positively-charged ions whereas anions are negatively-charged ions. It is important that you know the formulae of cations and anions before constructing the chemical formulae of ionic compounds.

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Even though ionic compounds contain charged particles, their chemical formulae are electrically neutral. This is because the total of positive charges are equal to the total negative charges.

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

The chemical formula of an ionic compound can be constructed as the following :

From its name, identify and write down the formula of its cation and anion. Determine the number of cations and anions by alancing the positive and negative charges. Write the formula of the compound. The number of cations and anions are written as subscript numbers.

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Formulae of cations

Cation (positive ion) Sodium ion Potassium ion Silver ion Hydrogen ion Ammonium ion Copper(I) ion Calcium ion Magnesium ion Zinc ion Barium ion

Formula of cation Na+ K+ Ag + H+ NH4 + Cu + Ca2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Ba2+

Charge of cation +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +2

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Formulae of cations

Cation (positive ion) Iron(II) ion Copper(II) ion Tin(II) ion Lead(II) ion Aluminium ion Iron(III) ion Chromium(III) ion Tin(IV) ion Lead(IV)

Formula of cation Fe2+ Cu2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ Al3+ Fe3+ Cr3+ Sn4+ Pb4+

Charge of cation +2 +2 +2 +2 +3 +3 +3 +4 +4

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Formulae of anions

Anion (negative ion) Flouride ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hyroxide ion Nitrate ion Nitrite ion Hyride ion Ethanoate ion Manganate(VII) ion

Formula of anion FClBrIOHNO3NO2HCH3COOMnO4-

Charge of anion -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Formulae of anions

Anion (negative ion) Oxide ion Carbonate ion Sulphide ion Sulphate ion Sulphite ion Thiosulphate ion Chromate(IV) ion Dichromate(IV) ion Phosphate ion

Formula of anion O2CO32S2SO42SO32S2O32CrO42Cr2O72PO43-

Charge of anion -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -3

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Calcium chloride

Calcium ion, Ca2+

Chloride ion, Cl-

1 calcium ions, Ca2+ Total of positive charges = 1 (+2) = +2

2 chloride ions, ClTotal of negative charges = 2 (-1) = -2

CaCl2

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

There is an easier way to determine the number of cations and anions. You only need to interchange the value of the charges of the ions. However, when the cation and anion have the same value of charges, you need to determine the simplest ratio of the ions.

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Example : Compound calcium chloride

Ion Charge of ion Numbers of ions Calcium ion, Ca2+ Chloride ion, Cl+2 -1 1 2

1 Ca2+ combines with 2 Cl-. Therefore, the chemical formula of calcium chloride is CaCl2. Check Total of positive charges = 1 (+2) = +2 Total of negative charges = 2 (-1) = -2

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Example : Compound aluminium oxide

Ion Charge of ion Numbers of ions Aluminium ion, Al3+ Oxide ion, O2+3 -2 2 3

2 Al3+ combines with 3 O2-. Therefore, the chemical formula of aluminium oxide is

Al2O3. Check Total of positive charges = 2 (+3) = +6 Total of negative charges = 3 (-2) = -6

3.7 Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds Cont

Some ions such as CO32-, SO42-, NO3- and OHare made up of two or more elements. Therefore, brackets are used to show the number of these ion in the formulae.
Formula of ionic compound Cu(OH)2 Al2 (SO4) 3 (NH4)2CO3 Mg(NO3)
2

The usage of brackets in the formula To show that there are 2 groups of OHTo show that there are 3 groups of SO42To show that there are 2 groups of NH4
+

To show that there are 2 groups of NO3-

3.8 Naming of Chemical Compounds

Chemical compounds are named systematically according to the guidelines given by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). For ionic compounds, the name of the cation comes first, followed by the name of the anion.
Cation Sodium ion Magnesium ion Zinc ion Anion Chloride ion Oxide ion Sulphate ion Name of ionic compound Sodium chloride Magnesium oxide Zinc sulphate

3.8 Naming of chemical compounds Cont

Certain elements such as transition metals, can form more than one type of ions. Roman numerals (such as I, II and III) are used in their naming to differentiate the ions. (a) For example, iron can form two cations.

Fe2+ - named as iron(II) ion Fe3+ - named as iron(III) ion

(b) Therefore, the names of oxides with iron iron are iron(II) oxide and iron(III) oxide respectively .

3.8 Naming of chemical compounds Cont

For simple molecular compounds, the name of the first element is maintained as it is. However, the name of the second element is added with an ide. For example, as molecular compound consisting of hydrogen and chlorine is given the name hydrogen chloride.

3.8 Naming of chemical compounds Cont

The meaning of prefixes

Prefix MonoDiTriTetraPentaMeaning 1 2 3 4 5 Prefix HexaHeptaOcta NonaDecaMeaning 6 7 8 9 10

3.9 Chemical Equation

A chemical reaction is said to occur when a few starting substances react to produce new substances. The starting substances are called reactants. The new substances formed are called products. Reactants producing Products

3.9 Chemical Equation Cont

The reactants are written at the left-hand side of the equation whereas the products are written at the right-hand side of the equation. Reactant(s) C (s) + O2 (g) Zn (s) + Cl2 (g) HCl (s) + NaOH (aq) Product(s) CO2 (g) ZnCl2 (s) NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation

Based on the law of conservation of mass, matter can neither be created or destroyed. This means that the numbers of atoms before and after a chemical reaction are the same. Therefore, a chemical equation must be balanced.

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation Cont

Example : Iron fillings reacts with copper(II) chloride solution to produce iron(III) chloride solution and copper. Step 1 : Identify the reactants and products and their formulae. Reactants : Products : Iron, Fe ; Copper(II) chloride, CuCl2 Iron(III) chloride, FeCl3 ; Copper, Cu

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation Cont

Step 2 : Write the main part of the equation. Fe + CuCl2 Reactants FeCl3 + Cu Products

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation Cont

Step 3 : Determine the number of atoms of each elements on both sides of the equation Left-hand side Right-hand side Fe atom : 1 Fe atom : 1 Cu atom : 1 Cu atom : 1 Cl atom : 2 Cl atom : 3 The numbers of atoms are not balanced

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation Cont

Step 4 : Balance the equation by adjusting the coefficients. The Cl are balanced Fe + 3CuCl2 2FeCl3 + Cu As the result, the numbers of Fe atoms and Cu atoms are not balanced. The Fe atoms are then balanced 2Fe + 3CuCl2 2FeCl3 + Cu Lastly, the Cu atoms are balanced. 2Fe + 3CuCl2 2FeCl3 + 3Cu

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation Cont

Step 5 : Check that the equation is balanced. Left-hand side Fe atom : 2 Cu atom : 3 Cl atom : 6 Right-hand side Fe atom : 2 Cu atom : 3 Cl atom : 6

Now, the equation are balanced

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation Cont

Step 6 : Put the state symbol of each substance. 2Fe (s) + 3CuCl2 (aq) 2FeCl3 (aq) + 3Cu
(s)

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation Cont

The state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) represent the solid, liquid, gaseous and aqueous states respectively. Sometimes the symbol is used to indicate the release of a gas. Sometimes is written above the arrow to show that heating is necessary to bring about a chemical reaction.

3.10 Constructing Chemical Equation Cont

Check Your Concept

Wrong : In balancing equations, students sometimes change the subscript numbers in the formulae.

Right : You only need to adjust the coefficients in front of the formulae. Never change the subscript numbers in the formulae for this will change the formulae of substances.

3.11 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Equations.

Chemical equation give us the following qualitative information. The reactants and products of a chemical reaction. The physical state of the reactants and products.

3.11 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Equations Cont ...

Example : 2C (s) + O2 (g)

2CO (g)

From the equation, we know that the reactants are solid carbon and oxygen gas. The product of the reaction is carbon monoxide gas.

3.11 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Equations Cont ...

Chemical equation are very important in quantitative work. The coefficients in a balanced equation tell us the exact proportions of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. I : 2C (s) + O2 (g) 2CO (g)
2 mol 2 mol 2 mol

II : 2Cu (NO3)2 (s)

2 mol

2CuO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

2 mol 4 mol 1 mol

3.11 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Equations Cont ...

Equation I tells us that 2 moles of carbon react with 1 mole of oxygen gas to produce 2 moles of carbon monoxide gas. Equation II tells us that 2 moles of copper(II) nitrate decompose into 2 moles of coppper(II) oxide, 4 moles of nitrogen dioxide gas and 1 mole of oxygen gas.

3.11 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Equations Cont ...

At the microscopic level, the coefficients in a chemical reaction tell us the number of particles involved in the reaction.

I : 2C (s) + O2 (g)
2 atoms 2 molecules

2CO (g)
2 moleculas

II : 2Cu (NO3)2 (s)

2 formula units

2CuO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

2 formula units 4 molecules 1 molecules

3.11 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Equations cont ...

A chemical equation serves as an important communicative tool for chemists. A chemical equation precisely describe a chemical reaction. Chemists use chemical equation to solve quantitatively-related problems.

3.12 Solving Problems Using Chemical Equations

Stoichiometry is a study of quantitative composition of substances involved in chemical reactions. We can use a balanced equation to calculate the number of moles, the number of particles, mass or volume of a reactant or product.

3.12 Solving Problems Using Chemical Equations Cont

The steps involved in stoichiometry calculation are as follows: 1. Write the balanced equation of the reaction. 2. Gather all possible information from the question. Convert the given information to the number of moles if necessary. 3. Based on the equation, compare the ratio of moles of the related substances. 4. Calculate the answer proportionately. Then, convert the answer to the required units.

3.12 Solving Problems Using Chemical Equations Cont

Example : 2K (s) + Br2 (g)

2KBr (s)

How many moles of potassium are needed to react with 0.5 mole of bromine gas?
Solution :

2K (s) + Br2 (g)

2 mol 1 mol 0.5 mol ? mol

2KBr (s)

Information:

Based on the equation, 1 mole of bromine gas reacts with 2 moles of potassium. Therefore, 0.5 mole of bromine gas reacts with (2 x 0.5) moles of potassium, that is 1 moles of potassium.

Thank You