ASSIGNMENT IN PHARMACOLOGY 10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH & 20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

1. Lagundi (Vitex negundo L.)

Common names: Dangla (Ilokano); five-leaved chaste tree, horseshoe vitex Indication: Leaves and flowering tops decoction, syrup, tablets and capsules for coughs, colds, fever and asthma. Description: A shedding shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, bark surface slightly rough, peeling off in papery flakes, pale reddish-brown. Leaflets 3-5, narrowly elliptical fruit spherical to broadly egg-shaped, 3-6 mm long, purple or black when mature. Found in: Humid places or along watercourses, in waste places and mixed open forest Parts used: Leaves and flowering tops Special precautions: Make sure to have the five-leaved varieties, as there are other varieties of lagundi. Traditional uses: a. roots and leaves for pain, bitter tonic, expectorant and diuretic b. sap from crushed leaves for coughs and sore throat c. leaf decoction for wounds, ulcers, aromatic baths, and internally to promote the flow of milk, to induce menstruation, against gastric colic, and against flatulence d. seeds boiled and eaten to prevent the spread of toxins from poisonous bites of animals e. flowers for diarrhea, cholera and liver disorders

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

2. Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii)

Common name: Peppermint Indications and preparations: for pain, cough, colds, nausea, dizziness, and pruritus Description: a small, multi-branching herb with small elliptical leaves Parts utilized: leaves, sap of plant Traditional uses: a. For pain in different parts of the body as headache, stomachache - boil chopped leaves in two glasses of water for 15 minutes. Cool and strain. Divide decoction into two parts and drink one part every three hours. b. Rheumatism, arthritis and headache crush the fresh leaves squeeze sap. Massage sap on painful parts with eucalyptus. c. Cough and colds get about 10 fresh leaves and soak in a glass of hot water. Drink as tea. Acts as an expectorant. d. Swollen Gums steep 6 grams of fresh plant in a glass of boiling water for 30 minutes. Use solution as gargle. e. Toothache cut fresh plant and squeeze sap. Soak a piece of cotton in the sap and insert this in aching tooth cavity. Mouth should be rinsed by gargling salt solution before inserting the cotton. To prepare salt solution add 5 grams of table salt to one glass of water. f. Menstrual and gas pain soak a handful of leaves in a glass of boiling water. Drink infusion. It induces menstrual flow and sweating. g. Nausea and fainting crush leaves and apply at nostrils of patient h. Insect bites crush leaves and apply juice on affected part or pound leaves until paste-like. Then rub this on affected part. i. Pruritis - boil plant alone or with eucalyptus in water. Use decoction as wash on affected area.

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

3. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera L. DC)

Common names: Sambong (Tagalog); lakad-bulan (Bikol); Ngai camphor (English) Indications: Diuretic in hypertension; dissolves kidney stones Description: Erect, semi-woody, aromatic herb or shrub about 4 m tall; Leaves alternate, coarse, large with slightly toothed margins. Flowerheads stalked, terminal panicles, yellowish-white flowers numerous Found in: In roadsides, fields, lowland and mountainous regions Parts used: Leaves and flowering tops Special precautions: Avoid using with other diuretics. When taking diuretics, eat at least one banana a day. Traditional use: Anti- edema, diuretic, anti- urolithiasis -boil chopped leaves in water for 15 minutes until one glassful remains. Cool and strain. Divide decoction into 3 parts. Drink one part 3 times a day.

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

4. Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.)

Common names: Putputai (Bikol); alangit (Bisaya); forest tea, wild tea. Indications: pills, leaf decoction for gastroenteritis; as gargle to prevent cavities Description: Shrub or much-branched small tree 1 4 m tall. Leaves simple, coarse, alternate, toothed towards the apex, gradually narrowing towards base, sometimes two or three arising from the same point. Flowers white, small, axillary, one to four from a common stalk. Fruit round, 4 5 mm in diameter, yellow-orange when ripe. Found in: In secondary forests at low and medium altitudes. Sometimes cultivated as ornamentals. Parts used: Leaves Traditional uses: Diarrhea boil the following amount of chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes or until amount of water goes down to 1 glass. Cool and strain. Divide decoction into 4 parts. Let patient drink 1 part every 3 hours. Stomachache - wash leaves and chop. Boil chopped leaves in 1 glass of water for 15 minutes. Cool and filter, strain and drink.

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

5. Niyog- Niyogan (Quisqualis Indica L.)

Common names: Tartaraok (Tagalog); balitadham (Bisaya); Rangoon creeper, Chinese honeysuckle, liane vermifuge. Indications: Fruit (kernel) anthelmintic; leaves poultice for headache. Description: Woody climber up to 8 m, young branchlets sparsely pubescent. Leaves opposite, untire, 7 15 cm long. Inflorescence erminal or axillary clusters of fragrant, tubular, showy flowers varying in color from white to pink to red. Petals 10 20 mm long. Fruit ellipsoidal, long, with 5 prominent wings lengthwise. Fruit when mature taste like almonds. Found in: In forest margins at low altitude, in gardensand backyards. Native to Asian tropics and throughout Malesian region. Parts used: Fruits, leaves Special precautions: Follow recommended dosage. Overdose causes hiccups. Traditional uses: Anti-helmintic - The seeds are taken 2 hours after supper. If no worms are expelled, the dose may be repeated after one week. (Caution: Not to be given to children below 4 years old)

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

6. Akapulko (Cassia alata L.)

Common names: Katanda (Tagalog); andadasi (Ilokano); palochina (Bisaya); ringworm bush, seven golden candlesticks, bayabas-bayabasan Indications : Fungus e.g. ringworm (buni), tinea flava (an-an), and scabies (galis aso) Description: A shrub, 1-2 m tall, with thick branches, pubescent. Leaves with 8-20 pairs of leaflets oblong-elliptical. Flowers with oblong sepals. Fruit tetragonal, winged and glabrous. Seeds quadrangular, flattened, and shiny. Found in: Abundantly naturalized in South East Asia, and occasionally planted throughout the region for medicinal and ornamental purposes. Parts used: Leaves Special precautions: Apply thinly twice daily on affected part. Improvement should occur 2 3 weeks after treatment. Traditional uses: As antifungal- Fresh, matured leaves pounded. Apply as soap to the affected part 1-2 times a day.

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

7. Ulasimang-bato (Peperonia pellucida)

Common names: Ulasimang-bato, pansit-pansitan (Tagalog); olasiman-ihalas (Cebu,Bisaya); tangon-tangon (Bikol); peperonia (English) Indications: Infusion, decoction or salad for gout and rheumatic pains; pounded plant warm poultice for boils and abscesses. Description: Small fleshy herb up to 30 cm tall. Stem initially erect, rooting at nodes, glabrous. Leaves spirally arranged, simple and membranous when dry. Flowers bisexual, without a stalk, floral bracts rounded. Fruit fleshy, one-seeded. Found in: in disturbed habitats, in gardens and cultivated areas that are damp and lightly shaded, on damp hard surfaces such as walls, roofs, steep gullies, and in flower pots Parts used: Aerial plant parts Special precautions: Avoid using with other pain relievers, diuretics Traditional uses: Lowers uric acid (rheumatism and gout) - Wash leaves well. One and a half cup leaves are boiled in two glassfuls of water over lower fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain. Divide into three parts and drink each part three times a day after meals. May also be eaten as salad. Wash the leaves well. Prepare one and a half cups of leaves. Divide into 3 parts and take as salad three times a day.

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

8. Bawang (Alium sativum L.)

Common names: Ajos (Bisaya); garlic Indications: Fresh cloves, capsules for lowering blood cholesterol levels; antiseptic. Description: Erect, low, annual herb, 30-60 cm high. Leaves flat, or V-shaped in transverse section, alternate, arranged in two opposite rows, arising from underground bulbs. Cloves enclosed by papery protective coats. Flowers often imperfect or absent Found in: cultivated all over the world. Probably originated from Central Asia Parts used: Leaves and bulbs (cloves) Special precautions: Avoid taking with medicines for lowering blood sugar, and medicines for thinning blood. Dosage must not exceed 6-8 cooked cloves a day. Stomach ulcer may develop if garlic is eaten raw. Traditional uses: For lowering blood sugar and cholesterol levels - May be fried, roasted, soaked in vinegar for 30 minutes or blanched in boiled water for 5 minutes. Take 2 pieces three times a day after meals. For headache, insect bites, ringworm, athlete s foot, toothache, rheumatism- Pound a small piece and apply to affected part

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

9. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia (L.) DC)

Common names: mpalaya (Tagalog); paria (Ilokano); palia (Bisaya); bitter gourd, bitter cucumber, bitter melon (English) Indications: lowers blood sugar levels (DM mild non insulin dependent); for fertility regulation Description: Monoecious, annual vine up to 5m long. Stem 5-ridged. Leaf blade broad. Flowers, yellow. Fruit, irregularly warty, orange when ripe, dehiscing. Seeds brown. Found in: In lowland rain forest, thickets, hedges, waste places, and roadsides. Parts used: Young leaves Special precautions: Blood sugar levels should be monitored regularly. The native variety with small bitter fruit is recommended. Traditional uses: To lower blood sugar levels- Gather and wash young leaves very well. Chop. Boil 6 tablespoons in two glassfuls of water for 15 minutes under low fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain. Take one third cup 3 times a day after meals. Leaves may be blanched/ steamed and eaten glassful 2 times a day.

10 Herbal Medicines Approved by DOH

10. Guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Common names: Guava, bayabas (Tagalog); guyabas (Iloko); Guava (English). Indications: antidiarrheal and antiseptic Description: Shallow-rooted shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, branching from the base and often producing suckers. Bark, smooth, green to red brown, peeling off in thin flakes. Leaves opposite and with glands. Flowers solitary or in 2-3 flowered cymes. Seeds of the fruit are usually numerous, embedded in pulp, yellowish, 3 - 5 mm long. Found in: Common in the Philippines Parts used: Leaves, fruits Special precautions: Eating too much guava fruit may cause constipation Traditional uses: For diarrhea - may be taken 3-4 twice a day For washing wounds, skin infections, feminine hygiene, and mouthwash- Guava leaves are to be washed well and chopped. Boil for 15 minutes at low fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain before use.

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

1. Morphine
Sources: Morphine is the most abundant alkaloid found in opium, the dried sap (latex) derived from shallowly slicing the unripe seedpods of the opium, or common or edible, poppy. Uses: treat both acute and chronic pain, pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains; treatment of the acute pulmonary edema.

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

2. Scopolamine
Sources: Solanaceae (nightshade) family of plants, such as henbane, jimson weed and Angel's Trumpets (Datura resp. Brugmansia spec.), and corkwood. Uses: Muscarinic antagonist effects; Anticholinergic
Treatment of nausea and motion sickness. Treatment of intestinal cramping. For ophthalmic purposes. As a general depressant and adjunct to narcotic painkillers.

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

3. Atropine
Sources: Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), other plants of the family Solanaceae. Uses: Lower the parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glands regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system; Anticholinergic

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

4. Heroine
Sources: Semi-synthetic opioid drug synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy Uses: Strong analgesic

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

5. Cocaine
Sources: Coca leaves Uses: Anesthetic

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

6. Reserpine
Sources: Dried root of Rauwolfia serpentina (indian snakeroot) Uses: Antipsychotic, Antihypertensive

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

7. Pilocarpine
Sources: Leaves of tropical American shrubs from the genus Pilocarpus. Uses: Parasympathomimetic alkaloid; treatment of chronic open-angle glaucoma and acute angle-closure glaucoma

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

8. Strychnine/Brucine
Sources: Seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica Uses: Pesticide

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

9. Codeine
Sources: Iranian poppy (Papaver bractreatum) Uses: Cough medicine

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

10. Ephedrine
Sources: Plants in the genus Ephedra Uses: Stimulant; Appetite suppressant; concentration aid, decongestant and to treat hypertension associated with anaesthesia

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

11. Vincamine
Sources: Catharanthus roseus Uses: Vasodilating that increases blood flow to the brain; Antihypertensive

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

12. Mescaline
Sources: Mescaline cactus Uses: Entheogen (psycoactive substance) used in a religious, shamanic, or spiritual context

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

13. Theobromine
Sources: Seeds of cacao Small amounts: kola nuts, guarana berry, ilex guayusa, and tea plant Uses: Vasodilator Diuretic Heart Stimulant Used in birth defect experiments involving mice and rabbits

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

14. Quinine
Sources: Bark of Cinchona tree Uses: Antipyretic; Antimalarial (e.g., against P. falciparum)

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

15. Tubocurarine
Sources: Stems of Chondrodendron tomentosum Uses: Neuromuscular-blocking drug or skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscularblocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation.

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

16. Bufotenine
Sources: It is an alkaloid found in the skin of some species of toads; in mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals. Uses: Hallucinogenic snuff

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

17. Ajmaline
Sources: Roots of Rauwolfia serpentina Uses: Antiarrhythmic; It is often used to bring out typical findings of ST elevations in patients suspected of having Brugada syndrome.

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

18. Vinblastine
Sources: Madagascar periwinkle plant Uses: Antitumor; Antimicrotubule drug used to treat certain kinds of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and testicular cancer. It is also used to treat Langerhan cell histiocytosis.

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

19. Ergotamine
Sources: Ergot fungus Uses: Vasoconstrictor; treatment of acute migraine attacks (sometimes in combination with caffeine)

20 ALKALOIDS: Their Sources and Uses

20. Emetine
Sources: Ipecac root Uses: Anti-protozoal and to induce vomiting