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TOEFL Preparation! Section II: Structure Structure* Lic. Ruth Esther ngel Torres (reangel@itesm.mx)
Textbook
Rogers, Bruce. COMPLETE GUIDE to the
Resource materials
Longmans Preparation Course for the
Advanced Course for Reference and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Addison W. Longman, 2000.
Review
Parts of Speech: adjective, adverb,
noun, verb, pronoun, preposition, article, conjunctions (Words at Work-exercise) Characteristics of sentence, clause and phrase Conjugated vs. Non-conjugated verb forms (infinitive, gerund, past participle, base form) How to identify main subject and main verb (exercise) Word usage
(one clause)
Compound Sentence Tom is tired, yet he is not
going to sleep.
(subordinating conjunction -since, because, if, after-, or relative pronoun -that, which, who-)
1. There are many illegal workers in New York City. 2. It is important to be punctual for appointments. Problem: Problem It and There may be missing from the stem.
grammatical form and function. Ex: She spends her leisure time playing cards, reading and bicycling.
Parallel structures are also required
with correlative conjunctions such as either...or or not only...but also. Ex: Either Mark or Sue has the book.
Write each word in the appropriate column under the correct verb (do / make / take). advances research your time a law a point money an airplane an experiment a promise your best a contribution a good job an offer a chance a prediction medicine homework
do /
an experiment research your best a good job homework business harm to damage
that goes with singular nouns. Example: I bought another pencil (one more pencil, an additional one).
Other: Adjective
that goes with plural nouns. Example: I waited for other tourists.
is used instead of plural nouns. Example: We came by bus. Others came by taxi.
majority
Double is a verb.
Soonest means
most promptly.
It makes reference
It makes reference
to the past.
to the future.
Example: These are the earliest (first) known examples of the artists work.
Example: The sooner you arrive the better it will be for your promotion.
number.
Examples: The percentage of people who arrived early was really low. vs. The low percentage of attendees disappointed the speaker.
Some is an
used before a noun or as an adverbial clause marker. Examples: 1. After dinner, we can go to the movies. 2. After he was operated, he had to stay three days in the intensive care unit.
(no specific listener) 1. Tell a story 2. Tell the truth, a lie 3. Tell a secret 4. Tell time 5. I told him to come earlier. 1. Say something to someone (tell) 2. Grandpa said that we had to take care of him. 3. Grandpa said to us that we had to take care of him.
word.
with a negative.
Examples: Examples: 1. Ever since. 1. He never goes to that club. 2. He hardly ever goes 2. He never visits his to that club. relatives. 3. He doesnt ever visit his relatives.
adjective used after linking verbs be (be forms, appear, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste). taste
a noun.
Round is an
Example: Go around the block and youll find the hardware store.
Examples: 1. At the age of twenty, he took a backpack trip to South America. 2. He was twenty years of age when he took a backpack trip to South America.
Example: He was twenty years old when he took a backpack trip to South America.
p. 200
Nearly is an adverb
linking verb (be forms, appear, become, be feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste taste).
It cannot appear directly in front of the
Forms used in front of Nouns like, similar live, living lone frightened sleeping
Correct the mistake: 1. Are you going to be lone tonight? 2. The afraid child cried for his mother. 3. She tried to walk quietly by the asleep dogs without waking them. 4. The girl was feeling lonely in the frightened house.
Answers: 1. Are you going to be alone tonight? 2. The frightened child cried for his mother. 3. She tried to walk quietly by the sleeping dogs without waking them. 4. The girl was feeling lonely in the frightening house.
Ex: The number of students with high IQ scores is impressing. A number of is plural. Ex: A considerable number of students come frequently for tutoring.
will, would, may, might, could, can With have: will have gone Past: may have come, could have given
Lesson 21: Participles Present participle Combine the two sentences and make a relative clause using who. 1.The president is meeting with his advisors. 2. He is now preparing to give a speech.
Lesson 21: Participles Past participle Combine the two sentences and make a relative clause using which. 1.The White House is the home of the president. 2. It is located in Washington.
or to make a description. Example: The topic is interesting. (I am saying what the topic is like).
Lesson 22: Gerunds vs. Past Participles Contrast: It was an exhausting ten-kilometer race. What was the race like? vs.
The exhausted runners were too tired to
1. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave. 2. The food placing in the picnic table attracted a large number of flies. 3. The president of the company, needed a vacation, boarded the plane to Ibiza. 4. We will return the merchandise purchasing yesterday.
Answers: 1. The children sitting in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave. 2. The food placed in the picnic table attracted a large number of flies. 3. The company president, needing a vacation, boarded the plane to Ibiza. 4. We will return the merchandise purchased yesterday.
health.
Objects of verbs
Object of prepositions
Verb + preposition
combination
to to:
I am looking forward
to hearing from you soon. Martin Luther King lead a movement devoted to defending civil rights. We were used to driving for long hours. We are getting used to living in N.Y.
he took lessons.
In order to learn how
adjectives:
violence.
Its hard to find a book
recycle.
(to be + pp to pp):
rather.
Examples: 1. Mark had the carpenter repair the door. 2. I helped my son do his homework. 3. She made us clean up the room. 4. Hed rather stay than go fishing.
Lesson 22: Use of Infinitives Use a gerund after a preposition. Examples: 1. Im thinking of drinking more water. 2. Zovirax is used for treating herpes.
Use an infinitive after to. Example: To treat herpes doctors recommend Zovirax.
Possessive
Reflexive Demonstrative
Examples
My brother is Mexican. A friend of mine is Chinese. Your car broke down. The Volvo parked in the corner is yours yours. His suit fits him well. The shoes of his are brown. Her wig looks great. The fashion store is hers hers. The dog was run over by a car. Its leg is its. broken; that leash should be its Our time is almost over. The book of ours is missing. Their letter was opened in the post office. The building is theirs theirs.
Jack rabbits have powerful rear legs that enable it to leap long distances. A beaver uses its strong front teeth to cut down trees and peel off its bark. Bees collect pollen, which furnishes protein for its diet.
As larvae, barnacles are free swimming, but as adults they attach them to stones, docks and hulls of ships. Trademarks allow a company to distinguish its products from these of another company.
Lesson 23: Pronouns Problem 3: 3: Incorrect inclusion of pronouns Find the mistake:
An auger is a tool which a carpenter
Find the mistake: Some encyclopedias deal with specific fields, such as music, or philosophy, and provide informations on only those subjects.
Compound Nouns
Find the mistake: Raymond Chandlers detectives stories are admired by both critics and general readers. Clue: Only the second noun of compound nouns is pluralized.
Lesson 24:
Plural Forms of Numbers and Measurements
Find the mistake: Thousand of antibiotics have been developed, but only about thirty are in common use today. Clue: Thousands, billions vs. Seven thousand, two billion.
1. the first time a noun is mentioned. 2. with indefinite singular count nouns (an orange).
1. Specific things, person or place. 2. Unique nouns: The sun 3. Unique adjectives: The best, the first. 4. Geographical features: The Pacific Ocean, The Middle East.
Lesson 26: Articles No Article is used with 1. Plural nonspecific count nouns. Ex: Tec students need 550 in TOEFL.
2. Nonspecific non-count nouns. Ex: Furniture is expensive nowadays. 3. Names of people or designations. Ex: Mr. President, Dr. Jones, etc.
Correct
careful drivers womens clothing are finished an extremely basic idea freshly baked bread almost totally almost late
The subject and verb are inverted when a clause begins with
1. a negative word. 2. the word only. 3. the word so + an adjective or participle. 4. expressions of place or order.
Lesson 27: Word Order- Inversions Examples: 1. Seldom have I heard such beautiful music. 2. Only in an emergency should you use this exit. 3. So rare is this coin that it belongs in a museum. 4. In front of the museum is a statue.
individual stars, but it is _____ Earth that it looks like a blurry patch of light. (A) so far away from (B) away so far from (C) from so far away (D) away from so far
they also reduce carbon dioxide. (A) do trees provide (B) trees provide (C) provide trees (D) trees do provide
Lesson 27: Word Order Find the mistake: 1. Goods such as flowers fresh and seafood are often shipped by air. 2. A fully grown mountain lion may be eight long feet.
Ex: Both wolves and coyotes are members of the dog family.
Not only ... but also (addition).
Ex: Dominic studied not only math but also computer science.
Ex: Neither the television nor the stereo had been turned off.
Whether ... or (choice).
landscape architecture could increase _____ the beauty and the usefulness of parks.
(A) also (B) and (C) both (D) not only
Lesson 28: Conjunctions Find the mistake: 1. X-rays have important applications, not only in medicine and in industry. 2. The air that surrounds our planet is both odorless, colorless, and invisible.
alike.
and an adjective.
I dislike sherbert.
preposition.
Unlike ice-cream,
Alike is an
adjective used after be linking verbs (be forms, appear, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste). taste
As is a
Proportional Statement:
1. The more you study, the more you learn. 2. The hotter the food is, the harder it is to eat.
but they still have distinct summer and winter seasons. (A) that are warmer (B) warmer (C) are warmer as (D) are warmer than
have a sense of smell. (A) not alike (B) unlike (C) unlikely (D) dislike
larger its circumference. (A) Greater than (B) The greater (C) Great as (D) As great as
Lesson 29: Comparisons Find the mistake: 1. Basketball is played at a much fast pace than baseball. 2. The deep oceans contain some of the stranger of all living creatures.
Lesson 29: Comparisons Find the mistake: 1. The most small vessels in the circulatory system are capillaries. 2. Alike their close relatives the frogs, toads are amphibians. 3. Asters, as all perennial plants, bloom once a year.
highways in North America, connected the East Coast to the Ohio Valley. (A) which one (B) it was one (C) one (D) was one
Lesson 31: Misplaced modifiers Find the mistake: 1.While peeling onions, the chefs eyes began to water. 2.Warm and mild, everyone enjoys the climate of the Virgin Islands. 3.Like most cities, parking is a problem in San Franciso.
none
They took a lot of pictures, but almost none of them turned out. There was nothing in his briefcase. No one arrived on time.
nothing
No one
Both no and not can be used before nouns, depending on the meaning of the sentence.
Examples:
1. There is no coffee in the pot. (Its empty). vs.
word longer to mean not anymore. Example: I no longer read the afternoon paper.
adjective. Example:
It is not clear at what point in the Earths history its surface solidified.
Badlands, a barren region of South Dakota. (A) not (B) nor (C) none (D) no