Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
y GSM Principles y Cellular Technology y GSM Network y Call Processing y Handoffs y GPRS y EDGE
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
OBJECTIVES
Any time Anywhere Mobility & Roaming High capacity & subs. density Efficient use of radio spectrum Seamless Network Architecture Low cost Flexibility Innovative Services Standard Interfaces
GSM PRINCIPLES
BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
y FDMA y TDMA y Cellular Technology &
FDMA
y y y y y
Frequency Division Multiple Access Scheme Uplink Frequency Band = (890 915) MHz Downlink Frequency Band = (935 960) MHz Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number (ARFCN) Bandwidth = 915 890 or 960 935 = 25 MHz
GSM FDMA
890 25 MHz
0
915
1 2
935 25 MHz
0 1 Base to Mobile
960
2
Mobile to Base
890.2 890.4 890.6
(MHz)
935.2
935.4
935.6
200 kHz
45MHz
200 kHz
TDMA
y Time Division Multiple Access Scheme y One Radio Frequency = Eight Time Slots y One TDMA Frame = Eight Time Slots y One Time Slot = One Physical Channel y One Time Slot Duration = 0.577 msec
GSM TDMA
Amplitude
45 MHz
7 8 5 6 2 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency
F1 (Cell Rx)
F2
F1 F2 (Cell transmit)
11
CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY
Cellular Technology
y Cell y Site y Cluster
channels is called a cell Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile subscribers within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area) Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 Km (Mature)
Types of Cells
OMNI
Fundamental problems
Radio range, or coverage no. of channels, or voice circuits Full, seamless service coverage Large no. of subscribers in the range of millions
y CLUSTER
2 7 1 6 5 4 3
A CLUSTER OF CELLS
Higher Q Lower Q
CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS
GSM subsystems
Network Subsystem includes the equipments and functions related to end-to-end call. Radio Subsystem includes the equipments and functions related to the management of the connections on the radio path.
1.
2.
3. Operations and Maintenance subsystem includes the operation and maintenance of GSM equipment for the radio and network interface.
Network Architecture
1 MSC=16 BSC 1 BSC=1024 TRU OSS
HLR
B T S B T S
PSTN ISDN
BSC BSC
A-bis interface
MSC VLR
A Interface
B T S
Data Networks
Air interface
MSC VLR
BSC:BASE STATION CONTROLLER, BTS: BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION, OSS: OPERATION AND SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM.ss
y y y
combination of all member countries where a mobile can be served. PLMN Service Area:It is one N/W area. MSC Service Area:There can many MSC/VLR in one PLMN area.It is one Mobile Exch. Area. Location Area: A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. Cells
I I MSC VLR
II MSC VLR
MSC
MSC III IV
VLR
GSM
LA4 LA5
LA6
GSM CELLS
LA1 LA4
L A 2
GSM
Cell Location Area Area served by a BTS Location Area MSC Service Area PLMN Service Area GSM Service Area
28
Call Processing
Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario Phases of Mobile To Land Call ( Mobile Originated Call- MO Call )
SETUP PHASE
- REQUEST FOR SERVICE ( CHANNEL ) BY MS - CM SERVICE REQUEST - AUTHENTICATION - CIPHERING - EQUIPMENT VALIDATION ( EIR CHECK ) - SETUP MESSAGE - VALIDATION AT VLR - ASSIGNMENT
Land To Mobile Call Set-up Scenario Phases of Land To Mobile Call ( Mobile Terminating - MT Call )
Mobile Originating
Handover
y Hard Handover Break before make y Soft Handover make before break y Softer Handover
GSM Evolution
2G 2.5G 3G
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
GSM GPRS 200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 8 full-rate time slots 115 Kbps peak data rates 16 half-rate time slots
UMTS EDGE 5 MHz carrier 200 KHz carrier Data rates up to 384 Kbps 2 Mbps peak data rates New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum 8-PSK modulation Higher symbol rate
GPRS Vs GSM
GPRS 1. SUPPORTS BOTH CKT. SWITCHED as well as packet switched service. 2. MS Utilizes Automatic retransmission (ARQ) at data link layer to re-transmit error frames. 3. Multiple time slots can be allotted to a single user 4. One time slot can be allotted to several users. 5. Charging/ billing more complex billing. (Volume based, Q.O.S. based) GSM Only circuit switched.
No re-transmission is provided.
Single time slot per user. Single time slot per user. Simple time-based
* Location-based applications - Navigation, traffic conditions, airline/rail schedule, location finder. * Vertical applications * Location sensitive Advertising -
Freight delivery, fleet management, sales-force automation A user nearing a cinema hall or a restaurant receives flashes of advertisement
GPRS Network
MSC/ VLR HLR EIR SMSGMSC
Signalling and data
Gs
SGSN BSC
Gr
Gf
Gd
Signalling
GGSN
Gb
Gn
Gi
Air (Um)
Gn
GGSN
Gp