HSSN2 01 DataCommunication

Hardware and Software Systems and Networks 2
CT024-3-2
Overview of Data Communication and Networking

Level-2
Prepared by: KL First Prepared on: 13-12-04 Last Modified on: 24/07/2005 Quality checked by: xxx Copyright 2004 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology
Topic & Structure of the lesson

Data Communications Networks The Internet Protocols and Standards
CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks
Chapter 2
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session you should be able to: Define Components, Data Representation and Direction of Data Flow Identify Distributes Processing, Network Criteria, Physical Structures and Categories of Networks Understand A Brief History and the Internet Today Understand Protocols, Standards, Standards Oraganisations and Internet standards
CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks Chapter 2 3
Key Terms you must be able to use

If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the following terms correctly in your assignments and exams: Data Communication Networks The Internet Protocols and Standards
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Overview of Data Communications and Networking
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Overview
Data Communication is sent data from one place to another. Data communication between remote parties called Networking. Networks are divided into two main categories: LAN and WAN. Internet is a collection of LAN and WAN held together by internetworking devices. Protocol refer to the rules; a standard is a protocol that has been adopted by vendors and manufactures. Network Models serve to organize, unify, and control the hardware and software components of data communication and Network.
Data Communication
The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on three fundamental characteristics: Delivery the system must deliver data to the correct destination. Accuracy the system must deliver the data accurately. Timeliness The system must deliver data in a timely manner.
Data Communication
Components Data Representation Direction of Data Flow
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Components
A data communications system has five components Message The information (data) to be communicate. It can consist of text, number, pictures, sound or video or any combination of these. Sender The device that sends the data message. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on. Receiver The device that receives the message. It can be computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
Components
Medium The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver. It could be a twisted-pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, or radio waves (terrestrial or satellite microwave). Protocol A set of rules that governs data communications. It represents an agreement between the communication devices.
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Five components of data communication
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Data Representation
Information today in different forms such Text Number Images Audio Video
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Direction of Data Flow

Communication between two devices can be Simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. Simplex Unidirectional, Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive Half-duplex Both station can transmit and received, but not at the same time. Full-Duplex Both station can transmit and receive simultaneoulsy.
Simplex
Example : Keyboard can only introduce input Monitor can only accept output
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Half-duplex
Example : Walkie-talkies
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Full-duplex
Example : Telephone
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Networks
Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Categories of Networks

Distributed Processing
Most networks use distributed processing, in which Task is divide among multiple computers. Instead of a single large machine being responsible for all aspects of a process. The advantages of distributed processing is security, distributed databases, collaborative processing, faster problem solving.
Network Criteria
A network must meet a certain criteria. Performance include transit time and response time, number of users, transmission medium and efficiency of the software. Reliability Frequency of failure, time takes to recovery from a failure and networks robustness in a catastrophe. Security Protection data from unauthorized access.
Physical Structures
Point-to-point The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those two devices. Multipoint (also called multidrop) Two specific devices share a single link, it is a timeshare connection. Physical topology There are four basic topologies possible: mesh, star, bus and ring.
Point-to-point connection
Example : Television channels by infrared remote control

Multipoint connection
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Categories of topology
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Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)
Mesh topology
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Mesh Topology
Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices in connects. A fully connected has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices. Usually implemented in a limited fashion for example, as a backbone connecting the main computers of a hybrid network that can include several other topologies.
Advantages of a Mesh Topology

The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data load. Eliminating the traffic problems that can occur when links must be shared by multiple devices. It is more robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system. It is more secure and privacy, every message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended recipient sees it.
Disadvantages of a Mesh Topology

Every device must be connected to every other device, installation and reconnection are difficult. The complete bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available space (in walls, ceilings, or floors) can be expensive.
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Star topology
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Star topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub. Does not allow direct traffic between devices. The controller acts as an exchange. Less expensive than a mesh topology. Each device need only one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of others. It is easy to install and reconfigure
Star topology
Less cabling needs to be addition, moves, and deletions involve only one connection: between that device and the hub. It is more robustness. If one link fails, only that link is affected. It is easy fault identification and fault isolation. However, star required far less cable than a mesh, each node must be linked to a central hub. For this reason more cabling is required in a star than in some other topologies (such as ring or bus)
Bus topology
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Bus topology
One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. On the other hand, is multipoint. A drop line is a connection running between the device and the main cable. Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps. As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed into heat. The heat becomes weaker and weaker as it has to travel farther and farther.
Advantages of Bus topology

Easy of installation Backbone cable can be laid along the most efficient path, then connected to the nodes by drop lines of various lengths. A bus uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies, redundancy is eliminated.
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Disadvantages of Bus Topology

Difficult reconnection and fault isolation. It can be difficult to add new devices. Signal reflection at the taps can cause degradation in quality. The degradation can be controlled by limiting the number and spacing of devices connected to a given length of cable.
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Disadvantages of Bus Topology

Adding new devices may therefore require modification or replacement of the backbone. A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission, The damaged area reflects signals back in the direction of origin, creating noise in both directions.
Tree topology
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Tree topology
It is a variation of a star. Node in a tree are linked to a central hub that controls the traffic to the network. The central hub in the tree is an active hub and contains a repeater. The secondary hubs may be active or passive hubs. A passive hub provides a simple physical connection between the attached devices.
Ring topology
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Ring topology
A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until is reaches it destination. Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater. A ring is relatively easy to install and reconfigure. The add or delete a device requires changing only two connections. If one device does not receive a signal within a specific period, it can issue an alarm.
Categories of networks
Category a network falls is determined by its size, its ownership, the distance it covers, and its physical architecture.
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Local-Area Network (LAN)
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LAN (Continued)
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Usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building, or campus. Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers. LAN are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal computers or workstations. The resources to be shared can include hardware (e.g., Printer), software (e.g., an application program), or data.

Software can be stored on this central server and used as needed by the whole group. Can control licensing restrictions on the number of users per copy of software. Traditionally, data rates in the 4 to 6 megabits per second (Mbps) range. Today, however, speeds are increasing and can be reach 100 Mbps with gigabit system in development.
Metropolitan-Area Network (MAN)
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Metropolitan-Area Network (MAN)

Designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a single network such as a cable television network. Connecting a number of LANs into a larger network so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-device. Many telephone companies provide a popular MAN service called Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Wide Area Network (WAN)

Provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image and video information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or even the whole world. A WAN that is wholly owned and used by a single company is often referred to as an enterprise network.
The Internet
A Brief History The Internet Today
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The Internet
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use. An internet (lowercase letter i) is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. The Internet (uppercase letter I), a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands interconnected networks.
The Internet
In the mid-1960, Computers from different manufactures were unable to communicate with one another. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department of Defense (DOD) was interested in finding a way to connect computers. In 1967, ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, a small network connected computers.
The Internet
In 1969 four university were connected via the Interface Message Process (IMP) to from a network. Software called the Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication between the hosts.
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Internet today
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Internet today
The Internet today made up of many wideand local area networks joined by connecting devices and switching stations. Today most end users who want Internet connection use the services of Internet service providers (ISPs). There are international service providers, national service providers, regional service providers, and local service providers.
Service Providers
International Service Providers connect nations together. National Service Providers (NSP) backbone networks are connected by complex switching stations, call network access point (NAP) Regional Internet Service Providers connected to one or more NSPs. Local Internet Service Providers provide direct service to the end users.
Protocols and Standards Protocols Standards Standards Organizations Internet Standards

Protocols and Standards

Protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It define what, how and when is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing. Syntax The structure or format of the data. Semantics The meaning of each section of bits. Timing Two characteristics: When data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.

Standards agreed-upon rules. Provide guidelines to manufactures, vendors, government agencies, and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in todays marketplace and in international communications.
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Data communication standards fall into two categories: De facto Standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have been adopted as standards through widespread use are de factor standards. De jure that have been legislated by an officially recognized body are de jure standards.
Standards Organizations
Standards are developed through the cooperation of standards creation committees, forums, and government regulatory agencies. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T). American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The ISO is a multinational body whose membership is drawn mainly from the standards creation committees of various governments throughout the world. The ISO is active in developing cooperation in the area of scientific, technological, and economic activity.
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T).
This committee was devoted to the research and establishment of standards for telecommunications in general. Created standards for telephone communications (V Series) and standards for network interfaces and public networks (X Series)?
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American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
It is a completely private, nonprofit corporation not affiliated with U.S. federal government. All ANSI activities are undertaken with the welfare of the united States and its citizens occupying primary importance.
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The largest professional engineering society in the world. Organization consists of computer scientists and engineers is known for its development, creativity, and product quality in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics, radio as well as in LAN standards,
Electronic Industries Association (EIA). A nonprofits organization devoted to the promotion of electronics manufacturing concerns. Its actives include public awareness education in the field of information Technology. Agency developed standards for electrical connections and the physical transfer of data between devices
Forums
Forums work with universities and users to test, evaluate, and standardize new tchnologies. Forums concentrating their efforts on a particular technology. It able to speed acceptance and use of those technologies in the telecommunications community. Forums present their conclusions to the standards bodies.
Regulatory Agencies
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is regulation by government agencies. The purpose of these agencies is to protect the public interest by regulating radio, television, and wire/cable communication. The FCC has authority over interstate and international commerce as it relates to communications.
Quick Review Questions

Refer to tutorial.
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Summary of Overview of Data Communication and Networking

Data communication is the transfer of data from one device to another via some form of transmission medium. A data communications system must transmit data to the correct destination in an accurate and timely manner. The five components that make up a data communications system are the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocol. Text, numbers, images, audio, and video are different forms of information.
Summary of Overview of Data Communication and Networking Data flow between two devices can occur in one of three ways: simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. A network is a set of communication devices connected by media links. In a point-to-point connection, two and only two devices are connected by a dedicated link. In a multipoint connection, three or more devices share a link.

Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of a network. Devices may be arranged in a mesh, star, bus, or ring topology. A network can be categorized as a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan-area network (MAN), or a wide area network (WAN). A LAN is data communication system within a building, plant or campus, or between nearby buildings. A MAN is a data communication system covering an area the size of a town or city.

A WAN is a data communication system spanning states, countries, or the whole world. An internet is a network of networks. The Internet is a collection of many separate networks. TCP/IP is the protocol suite for the Internet. There are local, regional, national and international Internet service providers (ISPs). A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication; the key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and timing.
Summary of Overview of Data Communication and Networking Standards are necessary to ensure that products from different manufacturers can work together as expected. The ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, and EIA are some of the organizations involved in standards creation. Forums are special-interest groups that quickly evaluate and standardize new technologies.
Question and Answer Session
Q&A
Next Session
Network Models
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Hardware and Software Systems and Networks 2

Overview of Data Communication and Networking

Topic & Structure of the lesson

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Key Terms you must be able to use

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Overview of Data Communications and Networking

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Components Data Representation Direction of Data Flow

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Five components of data communication

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Direction of Data Flow

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Categories of Networks

Example : Television channels by infrared remote control

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Advantages of a Mesh Topology

Disadvantages of a Mesh Topology

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Advantages of Bus topology

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Local-Area Network (LAN)

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Local-Area Network (LAN)

Local-Area Network (LAN)

Metropolitan-Area Network (MAN)

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Metropolitan-Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A Brief History The Internet Today

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Protocols and Standards Protocols Standards Standards Organizations Internet Standards

Protocols and Standards

Protocols and Standards

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

Protocols and Standards

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T).

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks

American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

CT014-1 Hardware, Systems Software and Networks