Energy Efficiency in Hospitality Industry

Mr. Pawan Kumar, Group Head (EM) National Productivity Council, New Delhi

 Managing energy better will add directly to your hotels operating profits profits
This Presentation is intended for hotel personnel's responsible for managing premises. It contains data which will allows you to see how your premises compare with industry norms in terms of  energy consumption  energy costs. In addition, it contains advice on:  controlling energy better  using energy more efficiently  reducing avoidable waste while adding to customer comfort

 The presentation on energy efficiency describes some of the main managerial and technical actions which should be considered to improve performance.  Many cost little or nothing to implement.  The estimated savings from these energy efficiency measures can typically be: -- upwards of 5% for good housekeeping -- around 10% for low cost measures  Greater capital investment in energy efficiency measures can achieve larger savings still !!.

WHY SAVE ENERGY?

Energy efficiency is important for several reasons.
 Attractive and well-controlled conditions for guests increase comfort and encourage their return.  Reducing fuel bills increases competitiveness and profitability.  Using less fuel reduces pollution.

Who benefits from energy efficiency?

Hotel owners and management benefit because efficiently run buildings cost less to operate

benefit because an efficiently controlled hotel satisfies their needs and leads to repeat business.
Staff benefit through improved morale and better motivation which in turn increase productivity. The environment benefits because using energy efficiently reduces adverse effects on the environment and preserves nonrenewable resources for future generations.

 Guests

Energy Use In Hotels

The information in this Presentation is based on data from over 300 hotels of various kinds ranging from small hotels with fewer than 20 bedrooms right through to fully airconditioned international standard hotels with 500 or more rooms.  Information about energy use is presented in two basic units -- consumption in kWh per square meter per year, and -- cost in per bedroom per year based on recent prices.  Electricity is shown separately from fossil fuels (natural gas, oii, LPG, and solid fuel).

Energy Use In Hotels contd ..

 Delivered Energy : o The common unit used in the hotels for specific delivered energy is : Kwh / m2 / year ( converting all form of energy ,viz, electricity, fuel oil like HSD, LDO, FO, LPG, coal etc into one energy energy unit kwh.

 Energy Costs
o The common unit used in the hotels for specific energy cost is : Rupees / bedroom / year o Energy costs vary with hotel size, type, region, contract and

load profile. o Unit prices tend to be lower for larger and more intensively serviced buildings, .

BENCHMARKS : Large hotels ( more than 150 )rooms with

air- conditioning, laundry & indoor pool. Efficiency rating Delivered Energy (Kwh/ m2/ year) Good Fair Poor Very poor

< 365

365-440 440-550

> 550

TYPICAL UTILITY CONSUMPTION IN HOTELS( Summary of 100 hotels of size 200 to 1000 Rooms ;  Electricity  Water  Fuels = 65 % = 15 % = 12 %

 LPG(Kitchens) =6-7 %

 A Note on Energy Use In Hotels  For different hotel types, the average room size varies. as does the relationship between number of rooms and total floor area; this explains why there is not a constant relationship between the kWh/ m 2

and the cost per bedroom values .



Fuel costs vary with hotel size, type, region, contract and load profile. Unit prices tend to be lower for larger and more intensively serviced buildings, These are more likely to be supplied at a higher voltage and have better load factors .

Energy and the Environment :

 The burning of fossil fueis to generate energy, releases

gases into the atmosphere. These include suiphur dioxide that gives rise to acid rain, and carbon dioxide that is the main contributor to the threat of global warming.
 Factors to convert Consumption of fueis to emissions of

carbon dioxide, in kg of carbon dioxide produced per kWh of fuel used are: -- oil 0.29 -- gas 0.21 -- electricity 0.72
 A typical hotel releases annually about 160kg of CO, per

square meter of floor area, equivalent to about 10 tonnes per bedroom.

Analysis of Energy Consumption in Hotels:

by End- Use by Cost

Where Energy Is Used ?

 Understanding where energy is used :
o Knowing what you are paying for energy and how it is used are both important parts of good energy management. o Collect your energy use and cost data. o Measure the air- conditioned/heated floor area of your hotel. o Compare your consumptions with the bench marks, taking account of any exceptional features you may have. o Check that the consumption pattern relates sensibly to weather conditions, occupancy level and facilities used

o Take meter readings regularly to identify sources of waste, such as excessive nighttime or weekend consumptions. o Read meters at the same time each day, week or month, to establish the pattern of use and to locate discrepancies.

o Wherever possible install sub-meters so that costs can be allocated to each main area or activity. o Make the catering facility a cost centre -following the procedure recommended in

 HOW to use energy more efficiently ?

o Make a member of staff responsible for energy management. o They should try to ensure that the minimum amount of energy, consistent with the required levels of service, is used, and waste is reduced to a minimum. o Use the ideas together with house tours at various times of day and night to establish a checklist of items for attention.

o There are technological developments that can help you to use energy efficiently.

o Try to ensure that initially you use the equipment and services you already have as efficiently as possible; for example, make sure that equipment is maintained properly.

o With little or no capital investment it is possible to adopt good housekeeping measures that can be put into operation straight away and offer immediate benefits.

o Try to identify

measures that have other associated benefits - such as improving your guests perception of comfort and service. o Involve staff by explaining your plans and invite them to propose their own suggestions for energy saving. o Ensure they are given feedback about energy use, and consider incentives for successful ideas

Energy efficiency in major utilities :

 LIGHTING :
Lighting accounts for 15 to 25 % of hotels electricity consumption. Energy Efficient Lighting PHILOSOPHY --- The Right type of light --- At the Right place -- At the Right time

BASIC LIGHTING SYSTEMS & FEATURES

 Lamps :
The most commonly used lamps are described briefly as follows: 

Incandescent lamps:

The principle parts of an incandescent lamp, also known as GLS (General Lighting Service) lamp include the filament, the bulb, the fill gas and the cap.
 Reflector

lamps:

Reflector lamps are basically incandescent, provided with a high quality internal mirror. The reflector is resistant to corrosion, thus making the lamp maintenance free and output efficient

 Gas discharge lamps:

The light from a gas discharge lamp is produced by the excitation of gas contained in either a tubular or elliptical outer bulb. The most commonly used
   discharge lamps are : Fluorescent tube lamps (FTL) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) Mercury Vapour Lamps

 Sodium Vapour Lamps

 Metal Halide Lamps

Lighting Systems Contd. Contd.

 Performance characteristics for a range of lamp types

ENCON In Lighting Systems :

 The following are some of improvement options : o Maximize sunlight use through use of transparent roof sheets,
north light roof, etc.

o Examine scope for replacements of lamps by more energy

efficient lamps, with due consideration to luminiare, color rendering index, lux level as well as expected life comparison.

o Replace conventional magnetic ballasts by more energy

efficient ballasts, with due consideration to life and power factor apart from watt loss. o Select interior colours for light reflection. o Modify layout for optimum lighting.

ENCON In Lighting Systems Contd Contd o

Providing individual / group controls for lighting for energy efficiency such as:


     

On / off type voltage regulation type (for illuminance control) Group control switches / units Occupancy sensors Photocell controls Timer operated controls Pager operated controls Computerized lighting control programs.

ENCON In Lighting Systems Contd Contd

 Install input voltage regulators / controllers for energy efficiency as well as longer life expectancy for lamps where higher voltages, fluctuations are expected.  Replace energy efficient displays like LEDs in place of lamp type displays in control panels / instrumentation areas, etc

HVAC AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

 Refrigeration deals with the transfer of heat from a low temperature level at the heat source to a high temperature level at the heat sink by using a low boiling refrigerant.  The heat transfer loops in refrigeration system are shown : Energy consumption in HVAC may be as high as 50% of total in luxury hotels in tropical or sub-tropical countries.

ENCON Opportunities in HVAC Systems

SHORT TERM MEASURES :  Operate Chillers, pumps, cooling towers as per load demand  Schedule HVAC equipment & systems as per time of day,week or holiday operation.  Install timers or manual shut off in unoccupied areas.  Re- set the thermostat according to season  Use VSD for secondary pumps , install three- way valves in AHU  Review the capacity of central equipment relative to actual load oversized equipment operates less efficiently.

ENCON Opportunities in HVAC Systems cont Automatic Controls in HVAC System

 Use free cooling normal air before using conditioned air  Use maxm. Return air, if heat content is more than outside air is more economical than outside air..  Expand fixed temperature & relative humidity set-point to comfort range by controlling coil control valves.  Reduce temperatures at conditioned places to preset levels.  Modulate chilled water supply with outside temperature.  Periodically shut- off AHU fans to reduce energy consumption control peak demand.

ENCON Opportunities in HVAC Systems cont

 Operate AHU fans only when space is physically occupied. Set fixed time schedules & occupancy sensors.  Before the physical occupation of air conditioned spaces , let the AHU operate on 100 % return air.  Optimise start- stop schedule of AHU s with adaptive controls.  Convert constant air volume AHU fan operation to variable air volume by VSD etc.

Medium and Long Term Measures :  Improve Chiller Efficiency :  Check cooling capacity at 25 %, 50 %, 70% and 100% loads
compare with design figures.

ENCON Opportunities in HVAC Systems cont

 Reduce load on chillers use of lowest possible condenser & highest possible evaporator pressure by micro- processor control  For each o C higher chilled water or lower condenser water temperature -- 1 % energy savings.  Improve Cooling Tower efficiency by :  Use FRP fan blades.  Use 2 speed or VSD in fans .  Do not by- pass condenser water  Proper water treatment of cooling water- avoiding biological fouling.  Improve fan air flow by blade angle adjustments.

HEATING SYSTEMS : Steam Generation & Utilisation

Energy Savings in Boilers:
 A. Reduce Excess Air : -- Potential Savings 5%  B. Decrease Flue gas Temp. -- 1 % excess fuel consumption for every 22oC rise in temp.  C. Reduce Boiler Pressure : -- 1% efficiency increase for every 5 Bar pressure reduction.  D. Increase Fuel Temp.: -- Potential Savings 5%

HEATING SYSTEMS : Steam Generation & Utilisation Contd.

E. Optimise Fuel Atomisation Pressure : Potential savings 1 % F. Reduce Boiler Blowdown :  Potential savings 1%  Excessive blowdown due to poor water treatment.  Excessive blowdown due to poor operating practice. F. Increase Feedwater Temperature : Potential Savings 3%  Every 6o C rise in feed water temp. 1% fuel economy.  Increase condensate recovery from process.

HEATING SYSTEMS : Steam Generation & Utilisation Contd.

G. Increase Combustion Air Temperature:  Potential savings 1 %.  Every 22oC rise in air temperature 1% fuel economy. H. Reduce Scale & Deposits on Waterside :  Potential savings 2-5 %  Inorganic scale and deposits reduce heat transfer.  Notice by increase in flue gas temperature.  Treat water according to requirement I. Recover heat from Blowdown :  Potential savings 1 %  Preheat water by recovering heat from blowdown  Flash the blowdown & take low pressure steam to feed tank.

HEATING SYSTEMS : Steam Generation & Utilisation Contd.

G. Increase Combustion Air Temperature:  Potential savings 1 %.  Every 22oC rise in air temperature 1% fuel economy. H. Reduce Scale & Deposits on Waterside :  Potential savings 2-5 %  Inorganic scale and deposits reduce heat transfer.  Notice by increase in flue gas temperature.  Treat water according to requirement I. Recover heat from Blowdown :  Potential savings 1 %  Preheat water by recovering heat from blowdown  Flash the blowdown & take low pressure steam to feed tank.

BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM :

Reliable and cost effective building automation systems have emerged over last ten years. Basically for control of HVAC system,Useful for other purpose also. Automatic control of T, RH and Pr. Automatic equipment operation. Graphic display of system schematics & real time values Alarm enunciations on crossing pre-set limits. Outputs used for trend analysis. Recording utility consumption ,reporting and analysis. Electricity Peak Demand control & Energy Management functions. Remote monitoring of entire system.

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyGuest Rooms :

o Guest rooms consumes major portion of hotel energy about 33%.

o Assess Current energy consumption in Guest Rooms : -- Install Sub-meters for electricity consumption including corridors, storage &house keeping, lights , TV, mini bar, fan-coils etc. -- Measure the monthly consumption of hot & cold water and calculate cost of hot water generation. -- Determine the energy consumption per occupied Room and water consumptions per guest. -- Compare the result with the bench mark and assess possible improvements.

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyGuest Rooms : Contd.

GUEST ROOM ENERGY BENCHMARK FIGURES : ( per occupied Guest Room per year )
Energy Efficiency rating Electricity (Kwh ) Water (liters/guest) Energy for Hot Water (Kwh) Good < 1825 < 260 < 1825 Fair 1825 - 2550 260 - 330 1825 - 2200 Poor > 2550 > 330 > 2200

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyLaundry :

Assess Current energy consumption in Laundry: -- Install sub-meters for all utility -- Calculate monthly energy consumption per kg linen -- Compare with benchmarks & assess energy saving
Energy Efficiency rating

Good
029 0.35 1.5- 1.8

Fair
0.35 .44 1.8 2.0

Poor > 0.44 > 2.0 > 2.5 > 30

Electricity (Kwh) Steam ( Kwh ) Total Energy Kwh) Water (liters)

1.8-2.2 23 - 26

2.2-2.5 28 -30

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyLaundry

Efficient Laundry & Dry Cleaning Operations ; o
o o o o The pattern of energy consumption in laundry depends on type of installed & quality of fabrics processed. In this section washing accounts for 35 % of energy & rest 65 % for drying and finishing. Check & adjust laundry operation period as per load which is related to occupancy levels. Operate all equipments at optimum loads for energy efficiency. Ensure smooth schedule of House- keeping for timely flow of linens , thus, avoiding frequent operations.

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyLaundry contd

o o o o o o o o o o Check for efficient steam use in section, like leaks, trap functioning, condensate return, steam line insulation etc. Operate supply & exhaust in accordance with operation. Maintain hot water temperature at 60 o C. Check & adjust water flow rates in washers. Check thermostat controls for proper functioning. wash small quantities in small m/c and hand iron. Keep tumbler door closed after unloading to retain heat. Operate ironer at only speed that ensures linen dries in one pass. Keep steam coils free from dirt When feeding small pieces of work in ironer, maintain maxm lanes.

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyKitchens. Kitchens.

Assess Current Energy Performance in KITCHENS :
Sub- meter all energy inputs ,gas, steam electricity to kitchens o Convert all energy to eqv. Kwh. o Calculate monthly energy conumption per cover. Multiplying factorto be used as per outlet being served. o Compare actual figures with Benchmarks assess improvement o Benchmarks for KITCHENS Energy Efficiency rating Energy for Cooking, dish wash, cold stores (Kwh) Energy Heating, light, ventilation , hot water( Kwh

Good

Fair

Poor

<3

3.0 4.5

> 0.45

<1

1 1.5

> 1.5

Water (liters)

<35

35 -45

> 45

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyKitchens Contd

o Multiplying Factors Kitchens : Factor Food Service :
1. Chinese Restaurant 2. A-la- Carte Restaurant 3. Coffee Shop 4. Banquet 5. Staff Restaurant 6, Snack bar, tea lounge 2.0 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.2

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyKitchens contd

o Do not use several heating elements, if need is for one. o Electric range burner should be smaller than the pot on it. o Place kettles or close together on large heating elements to reduce heat loss. o Turn heat o lower level once boiling starts. o Keep bottoms of plates & pots free from scales/deposit better heat transfer. o Do not place hot foods straight in cold rooms. o Frozen food to be de-frosted in refrigerators or cold rooms. o Assign responsibility for turning off lights & equipments to a member of each shift.

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyKitchens contd

 Load food storage in refrigerators optimally.  Whenever possible , use fully loaded dish & glass washers.  Install spring loaded self closing valves on faucets to reduce water flows.  Maintain hot water temperature at 60 o C.  Load & unload ovens quickly to avoid unnecessary heat loss  Whenever possible cover pots & pans with lids.  Install timers for cooking operations to shut down eqmnts .  Heating equipments should be clustered away from cooling eqmnt  Keep fan blades clean on convection ovens.  Use steam pressure cookers to reduce time & conserve energy

Best Practices for Energy- efficiency in EnergyKitchens contd

 Use only hot water , when necessary  Shut off booster of dish & glass washers with solenoid valve when equipment is off.  Scheduling dishwashing operation.  Turn off lights in cold storage rooms reduce lighting energy consumption ,besides reducing refrigeration loads.  Make sure all doors are properly sealed and closed  Do not store goods in front of evaporator coils or fans that will restrict air circulation.  Keep coils free from ice builds.  Set de- frost cycles into night or daytime not during peak hrs  When receiving frozen or pre- cooled foods place quickly

Action Plan for efficiency in Hotels

 The basic steps are :

Achieving

EnergyEnergy-

Carry out an energy audit in the hotel, which will show major energy consumer costs and indicates improvements Compare your total and departmental consumption figures and compare with hotel industry benchmarks for savings. Seek the advice of experts for analysis, evaluation and recommendations. Using energy audit results, establish realistic goals for each department and the hotel. Communicate to all employees about Managements commit ment and explain clearly the objectives and goals.

Action Plan for Achieving Energy- efficiency in EnergyHotels contd

o Appoint

a energy co coordinator ( usually from the Engg. Deptt.)

define responsibility within each department and develop a effective communication.

o Ensure that the entire staff participates. Capitalize on their know-

ledge, ,experience and familiarity with the building. They know it better than anyone else. Encourage them to ideas/proposals.
o Establish a M & T system. o Provide training to employees. o Develop standard operating procedures.

 LETS CONSERVE ENERGY - WE HAVE MILES TO GO !!