Faculty of Computers and Information

Second Year (First Semester 2010/2011)

______________________________

computer software
______________________________

Dr. Gamal Farouk

__________________________

Chapter 1

Programs
Computer programs, known as: software, and instructions to the computer. You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without programs, a computer is an empty machine. Computers do not understand human languages, so you need to use computer languages to communicate with them. Programs are written using programming languages.
Chapter 1 2

Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Machine language is a set of primitive instructions built into every computer. The instructions are in the form of binary code. Every operation converted into Machine language such as the form: 1101101010011010

Chapter 1

Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Assembly languages were developed to make programming easy. Since the computer cannot understand assembly language, however, a program called assembler is used to convert assembly language programs into machine code.
Assembly Source File Machine Code File

ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

Assembler

1101101010011010

Chapter 1

Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn and program. For example, the following is a high-level language statement that computes the area of a circle with radius 5: area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

Chapter 1

Popular High-Level Languages

Java (We use it in the book) COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code) Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal) Ada (named for Ada Lovelace) C (whose developer designed B first) Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language developed by Microsoft) Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by Borland) C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
Chapter 1 6

Compiling Source Code

A program written in a high-level language is called a source program. Since a computer cannot understand a source program. Program called a compiler is used to translate the source program into a machine language program called an object program. The object program is often then linked with other supporting library code before the object can be executed on the machine.
Source File

Compiler

Object File

Linker

Excutable File

Chapter 1

Compiling Source Code

You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program once, and compile the source program into a special type of object code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown in Figure 1.5. Java Virtual Machine is a software that interprets Java bytecode.
Java Bytecode Java Virtual Machine Any Computer

Chapter 1

Operating Systems
The operating system (OS) is a program that manages and controls a computers activities. You are probably using Windows 98, NT, 2000, XP, or ME. Windows is currently the most popular PC operating system. Application programs such as an Internet browser and a word processor cannot run without an operating system.
Chapter 1

User

pplication Programs

perating ystem

Hardware

Number Systems
NOTE: You can skip this section and use it as reference when you have questions regarding binary and hexadecimal numbers. binary octal decimal hexdecim al 0, 1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, , , , D, E,

Chapter 1

10

Hexadecimal
inary Hex Decimal 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Binary

To convert a hexadecimal number to a binary number, simply convert each digit in the hexadecimal number into a four-digit binary number. To convert a binary number to a hexadecimal, convert every four binary digits from left to right in the binary number into a hexadecimal number. or example,

1110001101

D E

3
Chapter 1

D
11

Why Java?
Java can be used to develop Web applications. Java applications Java Applets Java Servlets and JavaServer Pages Java can also be used to develop applications for hand-held devices such as Palm and cell phones
Chapter 1 12

Javas History
James Gosling and Sun Microsystems Oak Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World HotJava
The first Java-enabled Web browser

Early History Website: http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.h tml

Chapter 1 13

Optional

Characteristics of Java

Java Is Simple Java Is Object-Oriented Java Is Distributed Java Is Interpreted Java Is Robust Java Is Secure Java Is Architecture-Neutral Java Is Portable Java's Performance Java Is Multithreaded Java Is Dynamic
Chapter 1 14

Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple Java Is Object-Oriented Java Is Distributed Java Is Interpreted Java Is Robust Java Is Secure Java Is ArchitectureNeutral Java Is Portable Multithread programming is smoothly Java's Performance integrated in Java, whereas in other Java Is Multithreaded languages you have to call procedures specific to the operating system to enable Java Is Dynamic multithreading.
Chapter 1 15

JDK Editions
Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone applications or applets.

Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)

J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such as Java servlets and Java ServerPages.

Java Micro Edition (J2ME).

J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile devices such as cell phones.

This book uses J2SE to introduce Java programming.

Chapter 1 16

Java IDE Tools

Borland JBuilder NetBeans Open Source by Sun Jcreator

Chapter 1

17

Example 1.1

A Simple Java Program

Chapter 1

18

Creating, Compiling, and Running Programs

reate/ odify ource ode

ource code (developed by the programmer) aved on the disk

package chapter1; public class Welcome { public static void main( tring[] args) { ystem.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } }

ource ode

yte code (generated by the compiler for J to read and interpret, not for you to understand)

ompile ource ode i.e., avac Welcome. ava

If compilation errors stored on the disk

ethod Welcome() 0 aload_0 ethod void main( ava.lang. tring[]) 0 getstatic #2 3 ldc #3 < tring "Welcome to Java!"> 5 invokevirtual #4 8 return

ytecode

Run yteode i.e., ava Welcome

Result

Chapter 1
If runtime errors or incorrect result

19

Compiling and Running Java from the Command Window

1. Creating and editing programs using Edit command or Notepad window, as shown in next Figure

Chapter 1

20

Compiling and Running Java from the Command Window

2- Configuring JDK Set path to JDK bin directory set path=c:\jdk1.5\bin Set classpath to include the current directory set classpath=.

Note: steps to set path; Click icon My Computer with the right button Properties Advanced Environment Variables we obtain the next Fig then Edit the Path.
Chapter 1 21

Compiling and Running Java from the Command Window

Chapter 1

22

Compiling and Running Java from the Command Window

3- Compiling and Running Java from the Command Window as shown in Figure

To compile the source code, use the javac command in the DOS prompt. The javac command is not found if JDK is not properly configured.
javac Welcome1.java

To Run the class, use the java command. For example, the following command runs Welcome.
java Welcome1
Chapter 1 23

Compiling and Running Java from the Command Window

Chapter 1

24

JBuilder Optional

Compiling and Running Java from JBuilder

See Supplement C on the Website for details

Chapter 1

25

NetBean s Optional

Compiling and Running Java from NetBeans

See Supplement D on the Website for details

Chapter 1

26

Anatomy of a Java Program

Comments Package Reserved words Modifiers Statements Blocks Classes Methods The main method
Chapter 1 27

Comments
In Java, comments are preceded by two slashes (//) in a line, or enclosed between /* and */ in one or multiple lines. When the compiler sees //, it ignores all text after // in the same line. When it sees /*, it scans for the next */ and ignores any text between /* and */.
Chapter 1 28

Package
The second line in the program (package chapter1;) specifies a package name, chapter1, for the class Welcome. Forte compiles the source code in Welcome.java, generates Welcome.class, and stores Welcome.class in the chapter1 folder.

Chapter 1

29

Reserved Words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for other purposes in the program. For example, when the compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word after class is the name for the class. Other reserved words in Example 1.1 are public, static, and void. Their use will be introduced later in the book.
Chapter 1 30

Modifiers
Java uses certain reserved words called modifiers that specify the properties of the data, methods, and classes and how they can be used. Examples of modifiers are public and static. Other modifiers are private, final, abstract, and protected. A public datum, method, or class can be accessed by other programs. A private datum or method cannot be accessed by other programs. Modifiers are discussed in Chapter 6, Objects and Classes.
Chapter 1 31

Statements
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions. The statement: System.out.println("Welcome to Java!") in the program in Example 1.1 is a statement to display "Welcome to Java!" Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

Chapter 1

32

Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups components of a program.

public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block } }

Class block

Chapter 1

33

Classes
The class is the essential Java construct. A class is a template or blueprint ( )for objects. To program in Java, you must understand classes and be able to write and use them.

Chapter 1

34

Methods
What is System.out.println? It is a method: a collection of statements that performs a sequence of operations to display a message on the console. It is used by invoking a statement with a string argument. The string argument is enclosed within parentheses. In this case, the argument is "Welcome to Java!" You can call the same println method with a different argument to print a different message.
Chapter 1 35

main Method
The main method provides the control of program flow. The Java interpreter executes the application by invoking the main method. The main method looks like this: public static void main(String[] args) { // Statements; }
Chapter 1 36

Displaying Text in a Message Dialog Box

you can use the showMessageDialog method in the JOptionPane class. JOptionPane is one of the many predefined classes in the Java system,

Chapter 1

37

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Welcome to Java!", "Example 1.2 Output", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE));

The showMessageDialog Method

Chapter 1

38

Two Ways to Invoke the Method

There are several ways to use the showMessageDialog method. For the time being, all you need to know are two ways to invoke it. One is to use a statement as shown in the example: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, x, y, JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE)); where x is a string for the text to be displayed, and y is a string for the title of the message dialog box. The other is to use a statement like this: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, x); where x is a string for the text to be displayed.
Chapter 1 39

The exit Method

Prior to JDK 1.5, you have to invoke System.exit() to terminate the program if the program uses JOptionPane dialog boxes. Since JDK 1.5, it is not necessary.

Chapter 1

40

JBuilder Optional

JBuilder IDE Interface

file tab content pane (showing the editor)

main menu main toolbar pro ect toolbar

pro ect pane

structure pane

message pane execution status bar status bar file viewer tab Resize editor font

Chapter 1

41